The transient behaviour of models of bowed-string motion

Theoretical models of the action of a bowed string may be able to shed light on differences of "playability" between different violins. Subjective judgements seem to be concerned, at least in part, with the robustness with which one particular oscillation regime of the string (the "Helmholtz motion") may be obtained under different bowing conditions. In this paper, after a review of bowed-string modelling, systematic simulation is used to obtain plots of the basin of attraction of the Helmholtz motion in a particular subspace of the player's control space. Variations in the size and structure of this basin of attraction are seen when parameters of the problem are varied, and some physical interpretation of these variations is given. Some parallels and contrasts are pointed out between the particular features of the bowed string as a nonlinear system, and the range of more familiar dynamical systems. (c) 1995 American Institute of Physics.     

Subthreshold antiproton andK − production in heavy ion collisions

Subthreshold ¯p andK ^– and energetic ^– production was studied in Ne + NaF, Cu, Sn and Bi, and in Ni + Ni collisions with incident energies between 1.6 and 2 GeV/u. The measured cross sections indicate a dominant contribution of baryonic resonances. This is also consistent with a generalized scaling behaviour of the cross sections with the energy available in the collision and the energy necessary to produce particles as observed with Ne induced reactions. Deviations from scaling especially pronounced in the Ni-Ni system will be discussed in terms of absorption effects. The flat slope of the excitation function for ¯p production can be related to a reduced production threshold caused by a reduction of the antiproton mass in the dense and heated medium by about 100—150 MeV/c². A similar in-medium mass reduction is also indicated forK ^– mesons. An increased ¯p reabsorption probability for the heavier systems is concluded from the comparison of the ¯p yields in Ne + NaF, Ne + Sn and Ni + Ni collisions.Dedicated to Professor Klaus Dietrich on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Three-valued derived logics for classical phase spaces

Reichenbach proposed a three-valued logic to describe quantum mechanics. In his development, Reichenbach presented three different negation operators without providing any criteria for choosing among them. In this paper we develop two three-valuedderived logics for classical systems. These logics are derived in that they are based on a theory of physical measurement. In this regard they have some of the characteristics of the quantum logic developed by Birkhoff and von Neumann. The theory of measurement used in the present development is the one used previously in developingbivalent derived logics for classical systems. As these systems are derived logics, many of the ambiguities possessed by systems such as Reichenbach's are avoided.     

Gas Phase Catalysis by Metal Nanoparticles in Nanoporous Alumina Membranes

Nanoporous alumina membranes, loaded with palladium and ruthenium nanoparticles of various size, were used for gas phase hydrogenation of 1, 3‐butadiene and for oxidation of carbon monoxide, respectively. Those membranes contain 10⁹ ‐ 10¹¹ pores per cm², all running perpendicular to the surface. Membrane discs of 20 mm in diameter and only 60 μm thick, incorporated in a reactor in which the reactants can be pumped in a closed circuit through the pores, turned out to very actively catalyze hydrogenation of butadiene (Pd) and oxidation of CO (Ru). The activity of the Pd catalysts depends characteristically on the particles size, the gas flow, and of the educts ratio. As could be expected, larger particles are less active than smaller ones, whereas increasing gas flows in case of hydrogenation accelerates the reactions. Excessive hydrogen reduces selectivity with respect to the various butenes, but favours formation of butane.     

An Alternative to Automatic Titration

Automatic titrators are designed to do exactly what a lab-technician used to do. Much more sophisticated automation of volumetry is possible. Omegaphoresis [3] in buffer-free [2] sample solutions automatically creates a stationary multiple component titration curve or zoned pattern with normalized concentrations of each separated species. An automatic measurement of each zone length yields their quantity. Simultaneous automatic detection of all the zones in a 10–20 component solution in less than 2 minutes, with a precision of ±2%, a required amount of the order of less than one nanomol and a resolution of ±pK < 0.01 replaces acid-base, complexometric, and certain types of redox-titrimetry. An option of the method allows identification of the components as well.     

Synthesis of Chiral Cyclohexenones from α-Campholenic,Fencholenic, and β-Campholenic Derivatives

Summary. Optically active dimethylcyclohexenones, potential building blocks for enantioselective syntheses of various naturally active substances, were prepared. These compounds were obtained by oxidation with KMnO₄/Pb(OAc)₄ or ozonolysis of the corresponding cyclopentenic precursors, followed by aldol condensation. During the course of the preparation intermediate diols and chiral polyfunctional carbonyl derivatives were separated and identified analytically.     

Bestimmung von 3,4-Benzpyren in Brotgetreide

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur sicheren Abtrennung und Bestimmung von 3,4-Benzpyren in Brotgetreide beschrieben. Die aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe werden nach Extraktion mit Nitromethan von gro\en Mengen wachsartiger Begleitstoffe durch Ausfrieren abgetrennt, sÄulenchromatographisch an Aluminiumoxid fraktioniert und das 3,4-Benzpyren von anderen polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen chromatographisch an teilacetyliertem Papier getrennt. Die Bestimmung des aus dem Papier extrahierten 3,4-Benzpyren erfolgt durch Aufnahme von Fluorescenzspektren fester Lösungen bei tiefen Temperaturen. Es können so noch 0,001 ppb 3,4-Benzpyren im Getreide erfa\t werden.

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Summary A method is described for the reliable separation and determination of 3,4-benzopyrene in bread cereals. After extraction with nitromethane, the aromatic hydrocarbons are separated by freezing from large quantities of wax-like accompanying substances and fractionated on aluminium oxide by column chromatography. The 3,4-benzopyrene is separated from other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by chromatography on partially acetylated paper. The 3,4-benzopyrene extracted from the paper is determined by means of fluorescence spectra of solid solutions at low temperatures. Thus, quantities as small as 0.001 ppb of 3,4-benzopyrene can be determined in cereals.

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Die Untersuchungen sind im Auftrage des Herrn Bundesministers für ErnÄhrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Bonn (Rhein), durchgeführt worden. Wir danken für die Genehmigung zur Veröffentlichung.     

Dynamic alterations of fibronectin layers on copolymer substrates with graded physicochemical characteristics

Desorption and exchange of preadsorbed fibronectin layers in pure buffer solution and solutions of human serum albumin or fibronectin, respectively, were studied in dependence on the physicochemical characteristics of maleic acid copolymer films used as substrates. Although the preadsorbed amount of fibronectin differed only slightly, the protein was found to exhibit a significantly enhanced anchorage at the more hydrophobic polymer surface as compared to the more hydrophilic and more negatively charged polymer surface. The preadsorbed fibronectin layer was most efficiently exchanged by fibronectin (i.e., in the homodisplacement process) while pure buffer solution and human serum albumin solutions induced desorption or exchange of fibronectin to lower and similar degrees. An increase of the total adsorbed amount of protein due to additional adsorption of fibronectin or human serum albumin accompanied the partial exchange of the preadsorbed fibronectin in the displacement experiments. Evaluation of the kinetics of desorption and exchange of fibronectin at any of the substrates revealed two kinds of surface-attached protein populations--a fast desorbing species and a species with a slow desorption and exchange rate. By a multivariate regression analysis the surface characteristics of the polymer substrate were confirmed to determine the degree of protein desorption and exchange while the dynamics of the layer alteration was found to solely depend on the diffusion behavior of the proteins.     

Zur Minimalität trigonometrischer Polynomoperatoren

Cheney and others [2] have shown that, with respect to the norm of uniform convergence, the Fourier operator F_n:C₂p_n is the only minimal projection. For a more detailed study of operators A:C₂P_n we investigate the evaluation functionals respectively the mean of their norms . We give a complete characterization of polynomial operators which minimize this quantity. As an application we can simplify the proof in [2]. Moreover, we show that the trigonometric interpolation operators, having the above minimal-property,are exactly those with equidistant nodes.

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Diese Arbeit enthält die wesentlichen Resultate einer Diplomarbeit, die der Verfasser an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen unter der Anleitung von A.Schönhage angefertigt hat.