二氧化碳管内沸腾换热系数关联式的分析

了解管内流动沸腾特性并准确地预测出其换热系数,对设计紧凑、高效的CO2蒸发换热器有着至关重要的作用.文中分析了几个国内外已公开发表的换热关联式,并将预测结果与实验数据进行对比和误差分析,比较后发现Yoon2004、Jung关联式的预测精度相对较高,但各关联式对干涸后的换热系数预测普遍有较大偏差,有待进一步的改进.     

织物表面摩擦特性测试装置及试验研究

为了评价织物表面的摩擦特性,表征织物和皮肤接触过程中摩擦力的动态变化信息,研制了一种能测试织物表面动态摩擦特性的机械测试装置,该装置集成了机械装置、传感器及控制系统,能一次性测试织物的静、动摩擦系数.基于测试过程中采集的原始数据,定义了摩擦功、静摩擦系数及动摩擦系数3个指标来评价织物表面的摩擦特性.试验采用12种典型的织物样本,对织物的表面摩擦特性进行了客观测试及主观评价,并在日本Kawabata KES-FB4系统上进行了对比试验.结果表明:针对12种典型的织物样本,3个评价指标均存在着显著的差异,牛仔布具有最大的静摩擦系数,经编网眼针织布具有最小的静摩擦系数,与常理相符.客观测试得到的动态指标摩擦功和主观评价的结果具有一致性.本测试装置得到的动态摩擦系数和KES-FB4测试得到的平均摩擦系数也具有一致性.该测试装置可以为相关领域的研究提供一种新的测试手段.     

Synthesis of p-Nitro-stilbene Derivatives with Different Linking Bonds:An Attempt to Tune Spectroscopy of Dyes with Molecular Engineering

The synthesis, characterization and spectroscopy of a range of novel substituted p‐nitro‐stilbene derivatives with different bridging bonds were presented. The molecular structure characterization was carried out with ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis. The ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence of the compounds were investigated in various solvents. The maximal absorption wavelength of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond exhibited approximate 30 to 40 nm bathochromic shift compared to that of nitro‐stilbene dyes with an ester bond. Furthermore, the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond displayed obvious photoluminescence, while the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ester bond showed weak fluorescence emission. The detection of the cyclic voltammograms of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the nitro‐stilbene compounds with different linking bonds exhibited different redox proceses at various scan rates. The theroretical calculations of HOMO and LUMO energy of nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO of 3 and 4 were lower than those of 1 and 2 . The electron density of the frontier orbitals of nitro‐stilbene derivatives was observed to be affacted by the linking bonds, which thus made it possible to tune the spectroscopy of these dyes with chemical strategy. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry showed that the thermal stabilities of these dyes were not much affected by the linking bond. The results presented in this paper would be great interest in development of ideal nitro‐stilbene derivatives for special purposes.     

Generalized symmetric ADMM for separable convex optimization

The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) has been proved to be effective for solving separable convex optimization subject to linear constraints. In this paper, we propose a generalized symmetric ADMM (GS-ADMM), which updates the Lagrange multiplier twice with suitable stepsizes, to solve the multi-block separable convex programming. This GS-ADMM partitions the data into two group variables so that one group consists of p block variables while the other has q block variables, where \(p \ge 1\) and \(q \ge 1\) are two integers. The two grouped variables are updated in a Gauss–Seidel scheme, while the variables within each group are updated in a Jacobi scheme, which would make it very attractive for a big data setting. By adding proper proximal terms to the subproblems, we specify the domain of the stepsizes to guarantee that GS-ADMM is globally convergent with a worst-case \({\mathcal {O}}(1/t)\) ergodic convergence rate. It turns out that our convergence domain of the stepsizes is significantly larger than other convergence domains in the literature. Hence, the GS-ADMM is more flexible and attractive on choosing and using larger stepsizes of the dual variable. Besides, two special cases of GS-ADMM, which allows using zero penalty terms, are also discussed and analyzed. Compared with several state-of-the-art methods, preliminary numerical experiments on solving a sparse matrix minimization problem in the statistical learning show that our proposed method is effective and promising.     

复合稀土对α-Ni0.8Co0.05Al0.15(OH)2.15-2y(CO3)y·xH2O电化学性能的影响

为了同时改善固相共沉积法合成的α-Ni0.8Co0.05Al0.15(OH)2.15-2y(CO3)y·xH2O的常、高温充放电性能,样品经混合掺杂不同比率的La2O3,Sm2O3,Y2O3,Lu2O3以及La2O3+Y2O3后,作为模拟MH/Ni电池的正极材料,在不同温度下由恒流充放电和循环伏安测定其电化学性能.结果表明:复合掺加0.5%La2O3+1.0%Y2O3(质量分数),在0.5C和5C充放电下,30℃时可分别提高样品的放电比容量3.3%和4.7%,60℃时可分别提高17.4%和19.9%.同时也改善了高温放电电位.     

Preparation and evaluation of novel chiral stationary phases based on quinine derivatives comprising crown ether moieties

The C9‐position of quinine was modified by meta‐ or para‐substituted benzo‐18‐crown‐6, and immobilized on 3‐mercaptopropyl‐modified silica gel through the radical thiol‐ene addition reaction. These two chiral stationary phases were evaluated by chiral acids, amino acids, and chiral primary amines. The crown ether moiety on the quinine anion exchanger provided a ligand‐exchange site for primary amino groups, which played an important role in the retention and enantioselectivity for chiral compounds containing primary amine groups. These two stationary phases showed good selectivity for some amino acids. The complex interaction between crown ether and protonated primary amino group was investigated by the addition of inorganic salts such as LiCl, NH₄Cl, NaCl, and KCl to the mobile phase. The resolution results showed that the simultaneous interactions between two function moieties (quinine and crown ether) and amino acids were important for the chiral separation.     

A novel formula to describe the velocity profile of free jet flow

Having a potential core, the velocity profile in initial zone of incompressible submerged jet flow is different from that in fully developed region. In the former researches, the two regions were studied separately, even a short part between the two regions being considered as a transition region. The velocity profile in fully developed region looked as a Gaussian distribution, which is valid when jet initial region is comparatively short. But when the size of initial zone is long enough not to be able to be neglected, especially for large-size exit, this kind of assumption is not acceptable. Based on the analysis of flow structure of jet flow, a new velocity profile formula of submerged jet flow was proposed, which unites the initial, transition, fully developed regions of jet flow via modifying Gaussian distribution with a radial adjusting coefficient. For the round jet with the medium or high range of Reynolds number, the radial adjusting coefficient is a power function of reciprocal of jet distance. And then some literature experimental data were applied in verification, and the new formula exhibited a good calculation result. This work opened that the jet flow velocity profile at any site along the flow distance can be described via a same formula.     

盐场卤水氧化-吸附联合脱色工艺的研究

以天津汉沽盐场高含镁卤水为研究对象,分析其成色原因,建立了过氧化氢氧化-氢氧化锆吸附联合脱色工艺,分别考察了脱色剂用量、温度、pH值等因素对卤水色度、CODCr及镁离子损失率的影响,确定了最佳的脱色工艺条件:用卤水处理量1%(体积比)的过氧化氢于室温下将卤水氧化2h后,在pH值为2～3的条件下经氢氧化锆吸附脱色40min,氢氧化锆投加用量为60g/L卤水。在此条件下,卤水色度及CODCr去除率分别可达99%和85%,镁离子的损失率可控制在1%以下,均高于目前现行的工艺方法。吸附剂氢氧化锆经脱附后可循环使用,大大降低了工艺运行成本。