Beitrag zur Bestimmung von freiem Phenol, insbesondere im Bisphenol A

Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gaschromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Spuren Phenol, insbesondere im Bisphenol A (2,2-Bis-[4-hydroxyphenol]-propan) berichtet. Die beschriebene Methode erlaubt die Phenolbestimmung im Bisphenol A in wesentlich kürzerer Zeit als die bisher üblichen Methoden (z.B. Wasserdampfdestillation und jodometrische Endbestimmnung). Das gaschromatographische Verfahren benötigt für eine komplette Bestimmung 7–8 min. Ausserdem arbeitet das beschriebene Verfahren im ppm-Bereich mit größerer Genauigkeit. So wurde im Bereich von 75 ppm Phenol im Bisphenol A ein Wiederholstreubereich von ±6% rel. gefunden. In diesem Konzentrationsbereich sind die Abweichungen bei der bisher üblichen Methode zum Teil über 100% vom Sollwert.     

Conformational analysis of a stereochemically complete set of cis-enediol peptide analogues

A conformational analysis of a stereochemically complete set of peptide analogues based on a cis-enediol unit is presented. The cis-enediol unit, which can replace a two or a three amino acid segment of a peptide, contains two "side chains", four asymmetrical carbon atoms, and six free dihedral angles. To determine the accessible conformational space, the molecules are divided into three fragments, each containing two free dihedral angles. The energy surfaces are computed for all dihedral angle values, and the possible conformations of the cis-enediol unit analogues are built using all combinations of the surface minima. Such a "build-up" procedure, which is very fast, is able to reproduce 75% of the minima obtained from a full dihedral angle exploration of the conformational space. The cis-enediol unit minima are compared with the corresponding di- and tripeptide minima; all peptide minima can be closely matched by a cis-enediol unit minimum of low energy (less than 2.2 kcal/mol above the lowest energy conformer). However, there are low energy minima of the cis-enediol unit that have no corresponding minima in peptides. The results are shown to depend strongly on the chirality of the analogues. The ability of each of the stereoisomers to mimic natural peptides, evaluated by the present approach, is correlated with its experimental activity in a renin inhibition assay.     

Ionene–surfactant complexes: temperature and humidity sensitive materials

Solid stoichiometric complexes of [3,12]-ionene and dodecyl sulfate form upon reaction of the bromide of the ionene and the silver salt of dodecyl sulfate in methanol. IR, DSC, and TG investigations indicated that the solid complexes are stable between 30 and 120 °C. TG and DSC also showed that the complexes easily take up water at ambient conditions. These samples are optically isotropic. When exposed to an increased humidity they exhibit optical anisotropy, i.e., birefringence, which is caused by the formation of a hexagonal mesogenic phase. Mesogenicity is necessarily accompanied by a further uptake of water (4–5 H₂O molecules per ionic unit), which is dependent on the relative humidity. The phase behavior as a function of temperature and controlled relative humidity was studied using birefringence measurements and polarizing microscopy.     

Cross surface ambipolar charge percolation in molecular triads on mesoscopic oxide films

We report on cross surface ambipolar charge percolation within a monolayer of a molecular triad adsorbed on semiconducting or insulating mesoscopic metal oxide films. The triad consists of a triphenlyamine (TPA) donor and a perylenemonoimide (PMI) acceptor connected by a bithiophene (T2) bridge. The self-assembled PMI-T2-TPA monolayer exhibits p-type or n-type conduction depending on the potential that is applied to the conducting glass (FTO) electrode supporting the oxide films. Cross surface electron transfer is turned on at around -1.24 V (vs Fc+/Fc) where the PMI moiety is electroactive. The color of the film changes from red to blue during the reduction of the PMI. By contrast, lateral hole transfer is turned on at around 0.8 V (vs Fc+/Fc) where the TPA moiety becomes electroactive. The stepwise oxidation of the T2-TPA units at 0.79 and 1.28 V (vs Fc+/Fc) is associated with a color change of the film from red to black. Cyclic voltammetric as well as chronocoulometric and spectroelectrochemical measurements were applied to determine the percolation threshold for cross surface charge transfer and the diffusion coefficients for the electron and hole hopping process. The effect of oxide surface states on the lateral charge motion was also investigated.     

Reversible storage of molecular hydrogen by sorption into multilayered TiO2 nanotubes

The sorption of hydrogen between the layers of the multilayered wall of nanotubular TiO2 was studied in the temperature range of -195 to 200 degrees C and at pressures of 0 to 6 bar. Hydrogen can intercalate between layers in the walls of TiO2 nanotubes forming host-guest compounds TiO2 x xH2, where x < or = 1.5 and decreases at higher temperatures. The rate of hydrogen incorporation increases with temperature and the characteristic time for hydrogen sorption in TiO2 nanotubes is several hours at 100 degrees C. The rate of intercalate formation is limited by the diffusion of molecular hydrogen inside the multilayered walls of the TiO2 nanotube. 1H NMR-MAS and XRD data confirm the incorporation of hydrogen between the layers in the walls of TiO2 nanotubes. The nature and possible applications of the observed intercalates are considered.     

Determination of orthophosphates using a macro segmented flow analyzer (MSFA) based on colorimetric detection

Fabrication of a macro segmented flow analysis (MSFA) system based on reconfiguration of the manifold by adjustment of the sample/reagent ratio, has been found to produce a sensitive method for orthophosphate analysis based on colorimetric detection at 880 nm. Optimization of sample tube length, reaction temperature and molybdate concentration in the carrier solutions has been carried out. The larger sample tube internal diameter led to the combined advantages of better sensitivities, wider working range and higher sample throughput over most existing methods. Using the optimized conditions of 50.0 cm sample tube length (1.6 mm i.d.), 37.0 °C reaction temperature and 0.0113 M molybdate concentration in the carrier solution, the calibration model for orthophosphate standard solutions was found to be linear (y = 0.04895x + 0.003561; correlation coefficient, r²=0.9970) over the working range 0.01-2.00 mg l⁻¹ orthophosphate. The volume of the sample injected was 1.396 ml at a flow rate of 6.0 ml min⁻¹. The sample throughput of this MSFA method was 40 samples per an hour, with a detection limit of 4.0 μg l⁻¹, and %R.S.D.’s below 5%. The MSFA method was successfully applied to analysis of water and wastewater samples.     

Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ones

The anions of 1,4-diaryl-3-buten-2-ones 1 reacts with arylisothiocyanates, yielding intermediates 4 which can ring close to 5,6-dihydro-4H-thiopyran-4-ones 5 . Under similar reaction conditions ethyl 3-oxo-4-pentenoates 7 gives the 6-spiropyrans 9 . Methylation of 3 gives the S-methylated open form 6 .     

Synthese der geschützten insulin-teilsequenz b 1–8

The synthesis of the octapeptide derivative Z-Phe-Val-Asn-Gln-His(Trt)-Leu-Cys(SEt)-Gly-OH with the terminal sequence 1-8 of the insulin B chain using the subunits Z-Phe-Val-OH, Boc-Asn-Gln-His(Trt)-OMe and Boc-Leu-Cys(SEt)-Gly-OH is reported.     

Beta-sheet preferences from first principles

The natural amino acids have different preferences of occurring in specific types of secondary protein structure. Simulations are performed on periodic model beta-sheets of 14 different amino acids, at the level of density functional theory, employing the generalized gradient approximation. We find that the statistically observed beta-sheet propensities correlate very well with the calculated binding energies. Analysis of the calculations shows that the beta-sheet propensities are determined by the local flexibility of the individual polypeptide strands.     

Autonomous intelligent agents for accelerated materials discovery

We present an end-to-end computational system for autonomous materials discovery. The system aims for cost-effective optimization in large, high-dimensional search spaces of materials by adopting a sequential, agent-based approach to deciding which experiments to carry out. In choosing next experiments, agents can make use of past knowledge, surrogate models, logic, thermodynamic or other physical constructs, heuristic rules, and different exploration–exploitation strategies. We show a series of examples for (i) how the discovery campaigns for finding materials satisfying a relative stability objective can be simulated to design new agents, and (ii) how those agents can be deployed in real discovery campaigns to control experiments run externally, such as the cloud-based density functional theory simulations in this work. In a sample set of 16 campaigns covering a range of binary and ternary chemistries including metal oxides, phosphides, sulfides and alloys, this autonomous platform found 383 new stable or nearly stable materials with no intervention by the researchers.

We present an end-to-end computational system for autonomous materials discovery.