Iron carbonyl complexes from 2-[2,3-diaza-4-(2-thienyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]thiophene: N---N bond cleavage and cyclometalation

When thienyl Schiff base 1, derived from 2-formylthiophene and hydrazine, reacted with Fe₂(CO)₉ in n-hexane, three major complexes were obtained: (1) a diironhexacarbonyl complex with two 2-thienylmethylideneamido bridging ligands 2, which resulted from the =N---N= bond cleavage of ligand 1; (2) a doubly cyclometalated di-μ-di-(η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))bis(hexacarbonyldiiron) complex (3); and (3) a cyclometalated (μ-η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))hexacarbonyldiiron complex (4). Molecular structures of compounds 1a, 1c, and 2a have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Nucleation and growth mechanism for the electropolymerization of aniline on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at higher potentials

In this work, the nucleation and growth mechanism for the electropolymerization of aniline was investigated at higher potentials on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by potentiostatic current-time transient and atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurements. The electrochemical data fitted to the theoretical curves for the nucleation and growth suggest that electropolymerization of aniline follows the three-dimensional growth and progressive nucleation mechanism. These results were also compared with the results obtained at lower potentials. The results obtained from transient analysis, at higher potentials, were in good agreement with the results of AFM images. Electronic Publication     

Quantification of L-ascorbic acid and total ascorbic acid in fruits and spinach by capillary zone electrophoresis

A standard curve for the quantification of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was established, and the quantification of ascorbic acid and total ascorbic acid in fruits (lemon, Sunkist, and pineapple) and spinach were performed using D-isoascorbic acid (D-IAA) as an internal standard. The minimum detection limits (MDLs) for L-AA and D-IAA were determined to be 1 and 2 microg/mL, respectively, at 265 nm. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) in fruits and spinach was quantified in the presence of DL-homocysteine. The recoveries for L-AA in these juices were between 95 and 105%.     

Synthesis of water soluble metalloporphyrin-cored amphiphilic star block copolymer photocatalysts for an environmental application

Two series of water-soluble metalloporphyrin-cored amphiphilic star block copolymers were synthesized by controlled radical polymerizations such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), which gave eight amphiphilic block copolymer arm chains consisting of poly(n-butyl acrylate-b-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacylate) (PnBA-b-PEGMEMA, M_n,GPC = 78,000, M_w/M_n = 1.2, 70 wt% of PPEGMEMA) and poly(styrene-b-2-dimethylamino ethyl acrylate) (PS-b-PDMAEA, M_n,GPC = 83,000, M_w/M_n = 1.2, 67 wt% of PDMAEA), yielding porphyrin(Pd)-(PnBA-b-PPEGMEMA)₈ and porphyrin(Pd)-(PS-b-PDMAEA)₈, respectively. Obtained metalloporphyrin polymer photocatalysts were homogeneously solubilized in water to apply to the removal of chlorophenols in water, and was distinguished from conventional water-insoluble small molecular metalloporphyrin photocatalysts. Notably, we found that the water-soluble star block copolymers with hydrophobic–hydrophilic core–shell structures more effectively decomposed the chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), in water under visible light irradiation (k = 1.39 h^?1, t_1/2 = 0.5 h) in comparison to the corresponding water-soluble star homopolymer, because the hydrophobic core near the metalloporphyrin effectively captured and decomposed the hydrophobic chlorophenols in water.     

Derivation of class II force fields. VIII. Derivation of a general quantum mechanical force field for organic compounds

A class II valence force field covering a broad range of organic molecules has been derived employing ab initio quantum mechanical "observables." The procedure includes selecting representative molecules and molecular structures, and systematically sampling their energy surfaces as described by energies and energy first and second derivatives with respect to molecular deformations. In this article the procedure for fitting the force field parameters to these energies and energy derivatives is briefly reviewed. The application of the methodology to the derivation of a class II quantum mechanical force field (QMFF) for 32 organic functional groups is then described. A training set of 400 molecules spanning the 32 functional groups was used to parameterize the force field. The molecular families comprising the functional groups and, within each family, the torsional angles used to sample different conformers, are described. The number of stationary points (equilibria and transition states) for these molecules is given for each functional group. This set contains 1324 stationary structures, with 718 minimum energy structures and 606 transition states. The quality of the fit to the quantum data is gauged based on the deviations between the ab initio and force field energies and energy derivatives. The accuracy with which the QMFF reproduces the ab initio molecular bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles, vibrational frequencies, and conformational energies is then given for each functional group. Consistently good accuracy is found for these computed properties for the various types of molecules. This demonstrates that the methodology is broadly applicable for the derivation of force field parameters across widely differing types of molecular structures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1782-1800, 2001     

Novel fluorophores: efficient synthesis and photophysical study

[structure: see text] We have synthesized novel fluorophores by using Sonogashira reactions of 1,4-bis(dibromovinyl)benzene and 2,5-bis(dibromovinyl)thiophene with various aromatic bromides. The emission maxima of these fluorophores vary from the indigo blue to the reddish-orange region, depending on the structures of aromatic nuclei and peripheral moieties.     

The effect of the curing agent content on the curing and liquid‐crystalline phase of liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin

The effect of the curing agent content on the curing behavior and liquid‐crystalline (LC) phase of the liquid‐crystalline epoxy (LCE) resin 4,4′‐di(2,3‐epoxypropyloxy)phenyl benzoate was studied. Diaminodiphenylester (DDE) was used as a curing agent. The curing behavior was observed via differential scanning calorimetry, and the LC phase was investigated with a polarized optical microscopy. The LC phase in the LCE/DDE mixture with a high DDE content was developed during curing. The onset time was inversely proportional to the DDE content. The mesophase stability of LCE/DDE was enhanced by the addition of large amounts of DDE. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 374–379, 2001     

Analysis of dimensionally stable copolyimide with a low‐level residual stress

Copolyimide thin film, which has low‐level stress and stress relaxation induced by water sorption, was characterized for potential applications as an encapsulant, a stress‐relief buffer, and in interlayer dielectrics. The polyimides examined were poly(p‐phenylene pyromellitimide) (PMDA‐PDA) and poly(p‐phenylene biphenyltetracarboximide) (BPDA‐PDA) as well as their random copolyimides with various compositions. These copolyimide films exhibited good combinations of physical and mechanical properties with low thermal expansion coefficients, residual stress, and moisture‐induced stress–relaxation behavior by appropriately selecting the ratios of the dianhydride component. For these polyimides, the residual stress increased in the range of −8.1–7.5 MPa, whereas stress relaxation induced by water uptake decreased in the range of 10.3–4.7 MPa with increasing BPDA contents, respectively. The major factor in determining the magnitude of the stress behavior induced by both the thermal mismatch and water uptake in films should be the morphological factors such as chain rigidity, chain orientation, crystallinity, and microvoids. Their morphological structures were examined by wide angle X‐ray diffraction and a prism coupler, and the thermal properties were measured using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer as well as thermomechanical analysis. Overall, the candidate for the low level stress buffer application from the PMDA/BPDA‐PDA copolyimide was the 30/70 (= PMDA/BPDA in molar ratio) copolyimide. This copolyimide showed no residual stress after curing at 400 °C and relatively insensitive stress relaxation to ambient humidity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 796–810, 2001     

Paired Electrolysis of Aldoses in a Divided Flow Cell

Simultaneous anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction of aldoses in a divided flow cell were studied. The stream of the anolyte was an aqueous solution containing D-glucose, sodium bromide, and sodium bicarbonate. The stream of the catholyte was also an aqueous solution containing xylose and sodium sulfite. The factors which affected both the anodic and cathodic reactions were studied. The results indicate that the flow rates and temperatures of the anolyte and the catholyte, concentrations of the aldoses, pH values and the material of electrodes significantly affect both anodic and cathodic yields. The selectivities of gluconic acid in the anode and xylitol in the cathode were very high. The power consumption of paired electrolysis in the flow system was less than paired electrolysis in a batch system.