Investigation of Ti/TiN multilayered films in a reactive mid-frequency dual-magnetron sputtering

Influence of the process parameters like (i) sputtering gas pressure, (ii) target current, (iii) substrate bias voltage and (iv) substrate temperature of a reactive mid-frequency dual-magnetron sputtering on (a) surface defects and (b) mechanical properties of Ti/TiN multilayered films was investigated. The forming mechanisms of the observed droplets and craters were analyzed. Results showed when: (1) pressure of Ar/N₂ gases PAr/N₂ was at 0.31 Pa and substrate temperature was in certain range, the size and the density of the surface defects on the TiN films tended to decrease with increasing the target current and the pulsed bias voltage; (2) the optimal deposition parameters for accomplishing fewer surface defects were used, increasing the thickness of the Ti buffer layer decreased the microhardness in certain level, and the adhesion was firstly increased and then decreased as thickness reaching and/or beyond a critical value. Results also showed that selection of optimized process parameters evidently minimized the surface defects and improved the mechanical properties of the film.     

A SiC whisker-toughened SiC-CrSi2 oxidation protective coating for carbon/carbon composites

A SiC whisker-toughened SiC-CrSi₂ oxidation protective coating was prepared on the surface of C/C composites by a two-step technique of slurry and pack cementation. The oxidation protective ability and thermal stress resistance of the coating exhibit the trend of increase first and decrease afterwards as the SiCw content increases from 0 to 20 wt.%. The compound effect of SiCw and CrSi₂ on the oxidation protective ability of SiC coating is better than their individual ones.     

Deposition of SiOx barrier films by O2/TMDSO RF-PECVD

This paper reports that the SiOx barrier films are deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrate by plasmaenhanced chemical vapour deposition （PECVD） for the application of transparent barrier packaging. The variations of 02/Tetramethyldisiloxane （TMDSO） ratio and input power in radio frequency （RF） plasma are carried out to optimize barrier properties of the SiOx coated film. The properties of the coatings are characterized by Fourier transform infrared, water vapour transmission rate （WVTR）, oxygen transmission rate （OTR）, and atomic force microscopy analysers. It is found that the 02/TMDSO ratio exceeding 2：1 and the input power over 200 W yield SiOx films with low carbon contents which can be good to the barrier （WVTR and OTR） properties of the SiOx coatings. Also, the film properties not only depend on oxygen concentration of the inlet gas mixtures and input power, but also relate to the surface morphology of the coating.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ca2Sn1-xCexO4 with blue luminescence originating from Ce^4＋ charge transfer transition

Ce^4＋-doped Ca2SnO4 with a one-dimensional structure, which emits bright blue light, is prepared by using a solid-state reaction method. The x-ray diffraction results show that the Ce^4＋ ions doped in Ca2SnO4 occupy the Sn^4＋ sites. The excitation and emission spectra of Ca2Sn1-xCexO4 appear to have broad bands with peaks at - 268nm and -442nm, respectively. A long excited-state lifetime （-83μs） for the emission from Ca2Sn1-xCexO4 suggests that the luminescence originates from a ligand-to-metal Ce^4＋ charge transfer （CT）. The luminescent properties of Ca2Snl_xCexO4 have been compared with those of Sr2CeO4, which is the only material reported so far to show Ce^4＋ CT luminescence. More interestingly, it is observed that the emission intensity of Ca2Sn1-xCexO4 with a small doping concentration （x - 0.03） is comparable to that of Sr2CeO4 in which the concentration of active centre is 100%.     

LD抽运被动调Q固体激光器的脉冲稳定性

报道了二极管激光抽运Cr,Nd∶YAG被动调Q Nd∶YVO4 1064 nm激光输出.为了提高被动调Q激光的输出稳定性,谐振腔采用长腔,增益介质位于谐振腔中间位置.实验中获得了稳定的被动调Q激光输出.在最高入射抽运功率为17.5 W时,脉冲重复频率达到71.3 kHz,脉冲宽度为0.4 μs.调Q脉冲幅度不稳定性低于±10%,脉冲时间波动性低于±3.5%.     

Potential PDP phosphors with strong absorption around 172 nm: Rare earth doped NaLaP2O7 and NaGdP2O7

NaLaP₂O₇ and NaGdP₂O₇ powder samples are prepared by solid-state reactions at 750 and 600 °C, respectively, and the VUV-excited luminescence properties of Ln³⁺ (Ln=Ce, Pr, Tb, Tm, Eu) in both diphosphates are studied. Ln³⁺ ions in both hosts show analogous luminescence. For Ce³⁺-doped samples, the five Ce³⁺ 5d levels can be clearly identified. As for Pr³⁺ and Tb³⁺-doped samples, strong 4f-5d absorption band around 172 nm is observed, which matches well with Xe-He excimer in plasma display panel (PDP) devices. As a result, Pr³⁺ can be utilized as sensitizer to absorb 172 nm VUV photon and transfer energy to appropriate activators, and Tb³⁺-doped NaREP₂O₇(RE=La, Gd) are potential 172 nm excited green PDP phosphors. For Tm³⁺ and Eu³⁺-doped samples, the Tm³⁺-O²⁻ charge transfer band (CTB) is observed to be at 177 nm, but the CTB of Eu³⁺ is observed at abnormally low energy position, which might originate from multi-position of Eu³⁺ ions. The similarity in luminescence properties of Ln³⁺ in both hosts indicates certain structural resemblance of coordination environment of Ln³⁺ in the two sodium rare earth diphosphates.     

A generalized preferential attachment model for business firms growth rates

We present a preferential attachment growth model to obtain the distribution P(K) of number of units K in the classes which may represent business firms or other socio-economic entities. We found that P(K) is described in its central part by a power law with an exponent ϕ = 2+b/(1-b) which depends on the probability of entry of new classes, b. In a particular problem of city population this distribution is equivalent to the well known Zipf law. In the absence of the new classes entry, the distribution P(K) is exponential. Using analytical form of P(K) and assuming proportional growth for units, we derive P(g), the distribution of business firm growth rates. The model predicts that P(g) has a Laplacian cusp in the central part and asymptotic power-law tails with an exponent ζ = 3. We test the analytical expressions derived using heuristic arguments by simulations. The model might also explain the size-variance relationship of the firm growth rates.     

Generation of vortices by a streamwise oscillating cylinder

The wake of a streamwise oscillating cylinder is presently investigated. The Reynolds number investigated is 300, based on the cylinder diameterd. The cylinder oscillates at an amplitude of 0.5d and a frequencyf _e/f_s=1.8, wheref _e is the cylinder oscillating frequency andf _s is the natural vortex shedding frequency of a stationary cylinder. Under these conditions the flow is essentially two dimensional. A two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) scheme has been developed to calculate the flow. The DNS results display a street of binary vortices, each containing two counter-rotating vortical structures, symmetrical about the centerline, which is in excellent agreement with measurements. The drag and lift on the cylinder have been examined. The time averaged drag and lift are 1.4 and 0, respectively, which are the same as those on a stationary cylinder at the sameRe. However, the fluctuating drag was high, about 2.68. It has been found that, being symmetrically formed about the centerline, the binary vortices induce an essentially zero fluctuating lift, which may have a profound implication in flow control and engineering.     

Chiral crystal of a C2v‐symmetric 1,3‐diazaaulene derivative showing efficient optical second harmonic generation

Achiral nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores 1,3‐diazaazulene derivatives, 2‐(4′‐aminophenyl)‐6‐nitro‐1,3‐diazaazulene (APNA) and 2‐(4′‐N,N‐diphenylaminophenyl)‐6‐nitro‐1,3‐diazaazulene (DPAPNA), were synthesized with high yield. Despite the moderate static first hyperpolarizabilities (β₀) for both APNA [(136 ± 5) × 10^?30 esu] and DPAPNA [(263 ± 20) × 10^?30 esu], only APNA crystal shows a powder efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) of 23 times that of urea. It is shown that the APNA crystallization driven cooperatively by the strong H‐bonding network and the dipolar electrostatic interactions falls into the noncentrosymmetric P2₁2₁2₁ space group, and that the helical supramolecular assembly is solely responsible for the efficient SHG response. To the contrary, the DPAPNA crystal with centrosymmetric P‐1 space group is packed with antiparalleling dimmers, and is therefore completely SHG‐inactive. 1,3‐Diazaazulene derivatives are suggested to be potent building blocks for SHG‐active chiral crystals, which are advantageous in high thermal stability, excellent near‐infrared transparency and high degree of designing flexibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011