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111.
This paper presents a new approach for determining local airloads on helicopter rotor blade sections in forward flight. The method is based on the momentum equation in which all the terms are expressed by means of the velocity field measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter. The relative magnitude of the different terms involved in the momentum and Bernoulli equations is estimated and the results are encouraging. 相似文献
112.
OBJECTIVES: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a relatively frequent systemic connective tissue disorder with an important physical morbidity and mortality. The influences of MFS on physical problems, perception of severity, and impact on the quality of life and psychosocial well-being have been studied only limitedly. The aim of this study was to assess the association between the severity derived from the reported symptoms and subjectively experienced severity of MFS (expressed as a global judgment), with special emphasis regarding impact on relationships and pregnancies, psychosocial adjustment, and differences between the seven European countries. METHODS: A questionnaire designed specifically for this study and translated in each of the native languages was sent to 2,080 members of one of the patient support groups in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. 857 MFS patients of 13 years and older completed the questionnaire and were included in the data analysis. RESULTS: Physical impairments were scored by perception of severity of physical symptoms by the patients (physical severity perception score) and by their perception of the influence of MFS on their life (subjective severity score). Main discrepancy between physical severity perception and subjective severity score was the higher percentage of patients scoring in physical severity perception as severe (53.5%) compared to subjectively severe (26.5%). 61% of those who scored on the physical severity score as severely affected were designated as being mildly-moderately affected on subjective scoring. Both severity scores increased significantly with age. Two hundred-twenty women have carried 430 pregnancies (1.95 pregnancies/woman), with cardiovascular complications in 1.6%. Prenatal studies for MFS were rejected by 7.6% of MFS patients of 25 years and older, 33.6% were undecided, and 48.5% favored prenatal diagnosis for MFS if available. A positive general self-image was reported by 91.5% of patients. However, more than 90% stated that MFS had a negative influence on their sexual relationships, which they ascribed to negative perception of their body image. CONCLUSIONS: MFS has significant impact on daily life activities, but the majority of patients come to terms with their condition. Acceptance is mainly determined by subjective severity, and less by physical symptoms as reported by the patients themselves. It is important to stimulate a positive attitude towards MFS. 相似文献
113.
A digital large-format long-distance micro-particle image velocimetry system (μ-PIV) was developed to measure the wall-shear-stress and the near-wall flow properties in a laminar, transitional and turbulent boundary layer flow along a flat plate, non-intrusively with high accuracy and spatial resolution. To achieve the desired measurement accuracy and spatial resolution, all experimental limitations associated with the seeding, light-sheet, out-of-focus particles, optical aberrations and distortions were successfully solved and various spatial correlation image analysis approaches based on the two-point or single-pixel ensemble correlation were developed, analyzed and compared with the state-of-the-art spatial correlation techniques. The instrument is well suited to prove fundamental fluid mechanical hypotheses such as the universality of the constants κ and B of the logarithmic law. However, for the analysis of flows at large Reynolds and Mach numbers, where small spatial dimensions and strong flow gradients prevent accurate measurements, this technique can be applied as well. 相似文献
114.
J. C. Elicer-Corts R. Contreras D. Boyer M. Pavageau R. H. Hernndez 《Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science》2004,28(8):1205-813
This paper reports the results of a study on temperature inhomogeneities conducted on a thermal plume by using ultrasound scattering as a non-intrusive measurement technique. The plume rises from a metallic disk which can be heated up to 800 °C. The working fluid is air at atmospheric pressure. In the measurement technique, an incoming ultrasound wave is emitted towards the thermal plume. The incident wave is scattered because of non-linear couplings with the flow instabilities present in the measurement region. The scattered wave carries information about those flow instabilities. The technique allows for the retrieving of this information. The shape of the obtained spectrum of temperature fluctuations as a function of wave vector modulus
is consistent with previous theoretical analysis. Three qualitatively different regions were identified: first, a production region characterized by a q2 law; secondly, a region with behavior as per q−3 associated with a buoyancy region and; finally, a dissipation region associated with a q−7 law. These spectral regions characterize the energy transfers mechanisms among the length scales of flow investigated here. A coefficient of anisotropy γ was defined to analyze anisotropic features of the flow. 相似文献
115.
The performance of two shear rheometers with regard to creep and creep recovery measurements is investigated. The first one is a commercially available stress-controlled rheometer that uses an air bearing, and the second one is a magnetic bearing torsional creep apparatus that was built at the Institute of Polymer Materials in Erlangen. The creep and creep recovery measurements were performed in the linear-viscoelastic regime of two polyethylene melts at a temperature of 150°C. The creep compliances of the polyethylenes measured by both rheometers are in excellent agreement. The recoverable compliances of both polyethylene melts, however, have lower values in the case of the commercial rheometer than in the case of the magnetic bearing rheometer. The experimental parameters of creep recovery experiments and the features of the two bearings that are responsible for the different results of the two rheometers are discussed. The influence of the level of the applied shear stress on the short time behavior is investigated as well as the residual torque of the bearings which influences the long time region of the recoverable compliances. Also addressed are the influence of the momentum of inertia of the rotor and the bearing friction which is different for the two rheometers. 相似文献
116.
A method to determine the velocity components in the third direction for steady-non-axisymmetric nozzle flow experiments
has been developed in addition to the two components that could be directly measured by a one-or two-component laser-Doppler
anemometer. With the aid of this method, rotation for either the test rig or the anemometer become unnecessary. Results obtained
by this approach were used to compare with those directly measured in the downstream wake of a co-axial nozzle with a central
five-lobe forced mixer where the flow is non-axisymmetric. Good agreement could be obtained with maximum discrepancy at about
5%. The present approach can be readily applied to many other non-axisymmetric nozzle flow situations with only some minor
modifications.
Received: 13 May 1996 / Accepted: 10 October 1996 相似文献
117.
Summary The methodology outlined here was shown to be an effective means by which detailed unsteady surface pressure measurements may be obtained on a wing undergoing a self-induced oscillation in a wind tunnel study. Previous methods have relied on forcing the wing through a sinusoidal motion at a fixed amplitude and frequency. The advantage of the technique outlined here is that pressure measurements are obtained for the exact motion time history, including all transient motions. In fact, almost any self-induced or forced motion may be implemented by the system. The method also has the advantage of a significant reduction in the cost of pressure transducers due to the repeatability of the unsteady flowfield.Funds for the support of this study have been allocated by the NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, under Interchange No. NCA2406, and the University of Notre Dame 相似文献
118.
The flow of a newtonian viscous fluid through a cylindrical duct in the vicinity of a section discontinuity is studied using a visualization technique.The evolution with the Reynolds number of the features of the stationary vortex cell is given, in particular the reversibility of the flow is verified for the very small Reynolds numbers. In the creeping regime a detailed analysis of the velocity and strain-rate fields is performed. 相似文献
119.
The spatial and temporal variation of the fuel concentration (air/fuel ratio) in a model engine was quantified by laser Rayleigh scattering. Fuel was simulated by gaseous Freon-12 injected at various timings and quantities into the intake port. The results showed that the fuel concentration in the engine cylinder was strongly dependent on the injection timing and duration and that the Rayleigh system was able to identify spatial variations of the order of one air/fuel ratio at realistic mixture strengths. 相似文献
120.
Gas-permeable solid propellants possess great potential for producing high thrusts during extremely short time intervals. The paper presents a theoretical model describing the important physical phenomena taking place in both gaseous and solid phases in such two-phase, unsteady, reactive-flow systems. The governing equations were derived in the form of coupled, non-linear partial differential equations and the resulting formulation was compared with those used by previous authors. A stable, fast-converging, fully-implicit numerical method, first proposed by Spalding and implemented in a general-purpose computer program, was used to solve the equations, so that effects of importance can be studied. Solutions are presented that predict the pressure wave build-up and accelerating flame front for beds of granulated solid propellants fixed in a rigid enclosure, and in gun barrels with an accelerating projectile. The results show that the flame front accelerates and the rate of pressurization increases substantially in the downstream direction. Some discussion is given of the sensitivity of these predictions to the assumed constitutive relations for interphase heat and momentum transfer and the solid burning-rate law. It is argued that the controversy surrounding the hyperbolicity of the equations, which has delayed progress towards theoretical prediction of two-phase flows, is ill-founded, since the equations are shown to possess unique solutions, as indeed do the physical systems they represent. 相似文献