Zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Urin und Nieren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zur Bestimmung quatern?rer Ammoniumsalze

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid

Use of ZrO₂/SiO₂ as a solid acid catalyst in the ring‐opening of biobased γ‐valerolactone with methanol in the gas phase leads to mixtures of methyl 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐pentenoate (MP) in over 95 % selectivity, containing a surprising 81 % of M4P. This process allows the application of a selective hydroformylation to this mixture to convert M4P into methyl 5‐formyl‐valerate (M5FV) with 90 % selectivity. The other isomers remain unreacted. Reductive amination of M5FV and ring‐closure to ?‐caprolactam in excellent yield had been reported before. The remaining mixture of 2‐ and 3‐MP was subjected to an isomerising methoxycarbonylation to dimethyl adipate in 91 % yield.     

Sulfated glycopolymer thin films - preparation, characterization, and biological activity

The impact of heparinoid characteristics on model surfaces obtained from immobilization of sole sulfate groups as well as sulfated glycosides, sulfated cellulose, and definite heparin has been investigated. The obtained layers were physico-chemically characterized regarding film thickness, chemical composition, wettability, and surface morphology. Antithrombin adsorption, studied by fluorescence labeling, revealed a strong dependence on the presence of glycosidic structures and on the molecular weight of the grafted saccharide. On contact with whole blood, the coatings resulted in a diminished plasmatic and cellular coagulation in vitro, which did not reflect well the antithrombin binding. Therefore, more complex activating pathways are discussed.     

Ion beam sputter deposition of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> films using oxygen ions

TiO₂ thin films were grown by ion beam sputter deposition (IBSD) using oxygen ions, with the ion energy and geometrical parameters (ion incidence angle, polar emission angle, and scattering angle) being varied systematically. Metallic Ti and ceramic TiO₂ served as target materials. The thin films were characterized concerning thickness, growth rate, surface topography, structural properties, mass density, and optical properties. It was found that the scattering geometry has the main impact on the film properties. Target material, ion energy, and ion incidence angle have only a marginal influence. Former studies on reactive IBSD of TiO₂ using Ar and Xe ions reported equivalent patterns. Nevertheless, the respective ion species distinctively affects the film properties. For instance, mass density and the refractive index of the TiO₂ thin films are remarkably lower for sputtering with oxygen ions than for sputtering with Ar or Xe ions. The variations in the thin film properties are tentatively attributed to the angular and the energy distribution of the film-forming particles, especially, to those of the backscattered primary particles.     

Correlation of process parameters and properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> films grown by ion beam sputter deposition from a ceramic target

The correlation between process parameters and properties of TiO₂ films grown by ion beam sputter deposition from a ceramic target was investigated. TiO₂ films were grown under systematic variation of ion beam parameters (ion species, ion energy) and geometrical parameters (ion incidence angle, polar emission angle) and characterized with respect to film thickness, growth rate, structural properties, surface topography, composition, optical properties, and mass density. Systematic variations of film properties with the scattering geometry, namely the scattering angle, have been revealed. There are also considerable differences in film properties when changing the process gas from Ar to Xe. Similar systematics were reported for TiO₂ films grown by reactive ion beam sputter deposition from a metal target [C. Bundesmann et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 421, 331 (2017)]. However, there are some deviations from the previously reported data, for instance, in growth rate, mass density and optical properties.     

Biomonitoring of trace elements in muscle and liver tissue of freshwater fish

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of a coal combustion power plant in the northern part of Vietnam with regard to elemental pollution on the surrounding environment. Freshwater fishes (Clarias fucus) were sampled both at a site exposed to the emissions of the power plant and at a reference site seemingly free from industrial activities. The elemental concentrations in muscle and liver tissue were analyzed using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy. A comparison of muscle tissue with International Standards (Food and Agricultural Organization) showed that the fishes from both sites did not constitute any health risk for human consumers with regard to the elements Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Pb and Cr. Generally, concentration differences between sites were found to be small in the edible tissue. Compared to the muscle tissue, concentrations of metals were elevated in the liver. The elemental concentrations of P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb were significantly higher in the hepatic tissue from the exposed site, suggesting—together with measurements of airborne pollutants—emissions from the power plant as a probable source of these elements.     

Local immune cell contributions to fracture healing in aged individuals – A novel role for interleukin 22

With increasing age, the risk of bone fractures increases while regenerative capacity decreases. This variation in healing potential appears to be linked to adaptive immunity, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study sheds light on immunoaging/inflammaging, which impacts regenerative processes in aging individuals. In an aged preclinical model system, different levels of immunoaging were analyzed to identify key factors that connect immunoaged/inflammaged conditions with bone formation after long bone fracture. Immunological facets, progenitor cells, the microbiome, and confounders were monitored locally at the injury site and systemically in relation to healing outcomes in 12-month-old mice with distinct individual levels of immunoaging. Bone tissue formation during healing was delayed in the immunoaged group and could be associated with significant changes in cytokine levels. A prolonged and amplified pro-inflammatory reaction was caused by upregulated immune cell activation markers, increased chemokine receptor availability and a lack of inhibitory signaling. In immunoaged mice, interleukin-22 was identified as a core cell signaling protein that played a central role in delayed healing. Therapeutic neutralization of IL-22 reversed this specific immunoaging-related disturbed healing. Immunoaging was found to be an influencing factor of decreased regenerative capacity in aged individuals. Furthermore, a novel therapeutic strategy of neutralizing IL-22 may successfully rejuvenate healing in individuals with advanced immune experiences.Subject terms: Trauma, Mechanisms of disease, Interleukins, Osteoimmunology