首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   4453篇
  免费   108篇
  国内免费   30篇
化学   3589篇
晶体学   56篇
力学   59篇
数学   205篇
物理学   682篇
  2022年   28篇
  2021年   37篇
  2020年   43篇
  2019年   50篇
  2018年   27篇
  2017年   38篇
  2016年   53篇
  2015年   82篇
  2014年   97篇
  2013年   285篇
  2012年   188篇
  2011年   253篇
  2010年   144篇
  2009年   122篇
  2008年   224篇
  2007年   243篇
  2006年   260篇
  2005年   235篇
  2004年   223篇
  2003年   226篇
  2002年   224篇
  2001年   74篇
  2000年   70篇
  1999年   65篇
  1998年   54篇
  1997年   51篇
  1996年   64篇
  1995年   52篇
  1994年   45篇
  1993年   34篇
  1992年   37篇
  1991年   36篇
  1990年   40篇
  1989年   40篇
  1988年   47篇
  1987年   35篇
  1986年   34篇
  1985年   55篇
  1984年   61篇
  1983年   36篇
  1982年   64篇
  1981年   54篇
  1980年   72篇
  1979年   68篇
  1978年   51篇
  1977年   43篇
  1976年   36篇
  1975年   32篇
  1974年   38篇
  1973年   30篇
排序方式: 共有4591条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
101.
A novel rearrangement reaction for a methyl group is found in doubly charged ion mass spectra of p-substituted acetophenone derivatives. The driving force for the reaction is discussed.  相似文献   
102.
We report herein a practical synthesis of 4'-thiothymidine (15) and appropriately protected 2'-deoxy-4'-thiocytidine (16), -thioadenosine (27), and -thioguanosine (29) derivatives, substrates for the synthesis of 4'-thioDNA, from the corresponding 4'-thioribonucleosides. 2'-deoxy-4'-thiopyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized using a radical reaction of the corresponding 2'-alpha-bromo derivatives, which were prepared via 2,2'-O-anhydro derivatives. 2'-deoxy-4'-thiopurine nucleosides were synthesized using the same radical reaction of the corresponding 2'-beta-bromo derivatives.  相似文献   
103.
Treatment of 2-chloro-3,3-difluoroprop-2-en-1-ol derivatives (2) with methanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of a base did not give the expected esters but 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroprop-2-enyl methanesulfonates (4) through a novel [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement. Reaction of 4 with diethylzinc in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium gave 1-alkyl- or 1-aryl-2-chloro-3-fluoropenta-1,3-dienes in moderate to good yields through a CC bond formation followed by dehydrofluorination.  相似文献   
104.
Two aromatic rings of a phlorizin molecule form inclusion complexes with -CD and -CD. Induced circular dichroism spectra of these complexes have been measured to estimate the orientation of the two aromatic rings in the hydrophobic space of CDs. Apparent complex formation constants have been also estimated for each complex. It is concluded that phlorizin forms a stronger inclusion complex with -CD than with -CD.  相似文献   
105.
The effects of swelling of the sample and polymerization solvents were studied for photo-induced graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers on cellulose. The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was activated by swelling of the sample or organic solvent-water solutions within a certain range of their concentrations. Though each organic solvent gave a maximum in per cent grafting and the number of grafts at about 25 vol-% concentration, the initiation reaction scarcely took place at 100% concentration; thus, the solvent itself is considered to have a negative effect. The solvents used in the experiments were all hydrophilic, such as methanol, acetone, and dioxane. The average molecular weight of the grafted PMMA differed in each solvent, indicating a different characteristic effect of solvent on the growing grafted polymer radicals. The presence of ferric ion as a sensitizer stimulated further the contributions of the sample swelling and the organic solvents to the copolymerization reaction. A similar effect was observed for styrene as for MMA, but not for acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.  相似文献   
106.
The formation of the pyrene (Py) dimer radical cation (Py(2)(*+)) was used to measure the kinetics of the intrastrand end-to-end contact rates of single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) in the 10 nanoseconds to the tens of microseconds time range. ssDNAs labeled with Py at both ends with the lengths of 3, 6, and 9 mer were synthesized, and the two-photon ionization method was employed to generate a Py(*+), which enables the measurements of the end-to-end contact rates from 10 ns. The formation rate of Py(2)(*+) depended on the length and the sequence of the ssDNAs, and about 1 order of magnitude faster rates were observed for the T-rich ssDNAs compared to those for the corresponding length of A-rich ssDNAs, showing that ssDNA made from adenines is much more rigid than that composed of thymidines. As for the T-rich ssDNAs, the formation of Py(2)(*+) attributed to the misfolded structures was also observed, which is consistent with the configurational diffusion model suggested by Ansari and co-workers.  相似文献   
107.
Silylcarbenes are generated by the pyrolysis of 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-alkanols with elimination of trimethylsilanol.  相似文献   
108.
The polymerization of diallyl oxalate was conducted in the presence of radical initiators at a high temperature range of 80–180°C; a large decrease in degree of polymerization, an increase in residual unsaturation of the resulting polymer, and the evolution of carbon dioxide were observed with the elevation of temperature. These findings were reasonably interpreted by considering the dismutation of the uncyclized growing radical to yield the allyl radical, carbon dioxide, and polymer carrying a terminal double bond. The kinetics of the polymerization of diallyl oxalate in the evolution of carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures were also discussed in detail.  相似文献   
109.
Summary The “chemical” relaxation of stress either in Amilan (6-Nylon) or polyvinyl alcohol caused by penetration of water vapor was studied at 40% R. H. and temperatures 15, 30, and 50° C. A theory was presented of the chemical relaxation in a polymer which comprises penetrant-sensitive bonds as the crosslinkages between the molecular chains. This theory assumes the diffusion coefficient of penetrant in the polymer to he independent of concentration and any other factors. It was found that the system Amilan-water behaves in exact conformity with the theory over the ranges of elongation and temperature studied. The diffusion coefficient,D, of water in Amilan could thus be evaluated from the chemical relaxation data, using the theory presented, as functions of elongation and temperature. An ordinary sorption experiment was carried out for this system at 40% R. H. and 16.8° C and demonstrated that the diffusion of water in Amilan was Fickian with a constant diffusion coefficient. Both diffusion coefficients from the chemical relaxation data and the sorption. data were found to agree quite well when the former was extrapolated to zero-strain. The chemical relaxation behavior in the system polyvinyl alcohol-water was markedly different from that expected from the theory, suggesting primarily that the diffusion coefficient of water in this polymer was not constant. A parallel evidence for this fact was obtained from sorption measurements on this system, which demonstrated the diffusion in this system to be dependent both on concentration and time. From these results it may be concluded that the chemical relaxation technique, when combined properly with an adequate theory, can be used not only to evaluate the diffusion coefficient of penetrant in a given polymer solid but also to investigate, at least qualitatively, the type of sorption behavior characteristic of the system under given experimental conditions.
Zusammenfassung Die chemische Spannungsrelaxation in Amilan (6-Nylon) und Polyvinylalkohol, verursacht durch Eindringen von Wasserdampf, wurde bei 40% r. F. und Temperaturen von 15, 30 und 50° C untersucht. Es wird eine Theorie der chemischen Relaxation von Polymeren vorgelegt, die als empfindliche Bindungen auf das eindringende Niedermolekulare die Vernetzungen zwischen den molekularen Ketten betrachtet. Diese Theorie setzt voraus, da? der Diffusionskoeffizient im Polymeren für die eindringende Substanz unabh?ngig von Konzentration und anderen Faktoren ist. Das System Amilan-Wasser benimmt sich vollkommen entsprechend dieser Theorie in den studierten Verstreckungs- und Temperaturbereiche. Der Diffusionskoeffizient von Wasser in Amilan konnte daher aus der chemischen Relaxation als Funktion von Dehnung und Temperatur ausgewertet werden. Ein normales Quellungsexperiment wurde für das System bei 40% r. F. und 16,8° C ausgeführt und zeigte, da? die Diffusion von Wasser in Amilan dem Fickschen Gesetz mit konstantem Diffusionskoeffizienten folgt. Beide Diffusionskoeffizienten, der aus chemischer Relaxation und der aus Quellungsdaten gewonnene, stimmten sehr gut überein, falls der erstere auf die Dehnung 0 extrapoliert wurde. Die chemische Relaxation des Systems Polyvinylalkohol-Wasser war merklich anders als nach der Theorie erwartet und lie? in erster Linie vermuten, da? der Diffusionskoeffizient von Wasser in diesem Polymeren nicht konstant ist. Eine entsprechende Andeutung wurde aus Quellungsmessungen an diesem System erhalten. Die Diffusion h?ngt von Konzentration und Zeit ab. Aus diesen Resultaten kann gefolgert werden, da? die Technik der Untersuchungen der chemischen Relaxation unter Verwendung einer geeigneten Theorie nicht nur dazu angewendet werden kann, Diffusionskoeffizienten von kleinen Molekülen in einem gegebenen festen Polymeren zu messen, sondern zumindest auch qualitativ den Typ des Quellungsverhaltens festzustellen, der das System unter den gegebenen experimentellen Bedingungen charakterisiert.
  相似文献   
110.
The decomposition reaction dynamics of 2,3,4,4′,5‐penta‐chlorinated biphenyl (2,3,4,4′,5‐PeCB), 3,3′,4,4′,5‐penta‐chlorinated biphenyl (3,3′,4,4′,5‐PeCB), and 2,3,7,8‐tetra‐chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (2,3,7,8‐TCDD) was clarified for the first time at atomic and electronic levels, using our novel tight‐binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics method with first‐principles parameterization. The calculation speed of our new method is over 5000 times faster than that of the conventional first‐principles molecular dynamics method. We confirmed that the structure, energy, and electronic states of the above molecules calculated by our new method are quantitatively consistent with those by first‐principles calculations. After the confirmation of our methodology, we investigated the decomposition reaction dynamics of the above molecules and the calculated dynamic behaviors indicate that the oxidation of the 2,3,4,4′,5‐PeCB, 3,3′,4,4′,5‐PeCB, and 2,3,7,8‐TCDD proceeds through an epoxide intermediate, which is in good agreement with the previous experimental reports and consistent with our static density functional theory calculations. These results proved that our new tight‐binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics method with first‐principles parameterization is an effective tool to clarify the chemical reaction dynamics at reaction temperatures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号