Perylene bisimide as a versatile fluorescent tool for environmental and biological analysis: a review

Perylene bisimide (PBI) is a fluorescent dye which has strong emission and high photostability. Although PBI has been widely used for industrial materials, the application of PBI in analytical fields was limited mainly due to its high hydrophobicity. In recent years, however, unique and useful analytical methods based on PBI platform are being successfully developed by utilizing the characteristic features of this compound including its high hydrophobicity. In this article, the recent trend of environmental and biological analysis using PBI is reviewed.     

Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of potassium organotrifluoroborates to N-sulfonyl ketimines

A rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of readily available potassium organotrifluoroborates to both N-tosyl and N-nosyl ketimines has been developed. High enantioselectivity has been achieved by using a chiral diene ligand, and the nosyl group of the addition products can be easily removed while retaining the enantiomeric purity.     

One‐step ring‐closure procedure for 4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazino[5,4‐b]indole derivatives with Lawesson's reagent. The fifth dihydro‐1,3‐thiazino[b]indole isomer

We report a convenient approach for the synthesis of a new ring system: 4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazino[5,4‐b]indoles. The procedure involves the use of Lawesson's reagent in the presence of silica to achieve the one‐step ring‐closure reactions of 2‐benzoylamino‐3‐hydroxymethylindole intermediates to furnish 4,5‐dihydro‐2‐aryl‐1,3‐thiazino[5,4‐b]indoles. 2‐Phenylimino‐1,3‐thiazino[5,4‐b]indoles were obtained via the corresponding 3‐phenylthiourea‐2‐carboxylic acid ester derivatives by chemoselective reduction of the ester group, followed by ring closure under acidic conditions. The structures of the novel products were elucidated by IR, ¹H‐NMR, and ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy, including 2D‐HMQC, 2D‐HMBC, and DEPT measurements. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Multiplex cancer cell detection by SERS nanotags with cyanine and triphenylmethine Raman reporters

SERS nanotags have been prepared to accomplish the multiplex detection of cancer cells. Herein we evaluated the adequacy of lipoic acid-containing cyanine derivatives (Cy3LA and Cy5LA) to function as multiplex partners with a triphenylmethine Raman reporter (B2LA) under a single excitation wavelength. SERS experiments enabled the multiplex recognition of two different cancer cells with antibody-conjugated nanotags that were derivatized with optimized cyanine and triphenylmethine reporters.     

$${\varvec{teaspoon}}$$ : solving the curriculum-based course timetabling problems with answer set programming

Annals of Operations Research - Answer Set Programming (ASP) is an approach to declarative problem solving, combining a rich yet simple modeling language with high performance solving capacities....     

The circular chromatic numbers of planar digraphs

The circular chromatic number is a refinement of the chromatic number of a graph. It has been established in [3,6,7] that there exists planar graphs with circular chromatic number r if and only if r is a rational in the set {1} ∪ [2,4]. Recently, Mohar, in [1,2] has extended the concept of the circular chromatic number to digraphs and it is interesting to ask what the corresponding result is for digraphs. In this article, we shall prove the new result that there exist planar digraphs with circular chromatic number r if and only if r is a rational in the interval [1,4]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 55: 14–26, 2007     

Year-long biophoton measurements: normalized frequency count analysis and seasonal dependency

Biophoton emissions from three healthy human subjects were measured for 52 weeks. The active nature of dorsal hands and personal discernable patterns in palmar hands were investigated through frequency count analysis of biophoton emission rates. Also, the seasonal dependency of biophoton emission rates from human hands was studied and we found that emission rates were lowest in autumn. There was a reversion of relative emission rates from the palms and the dorsa depending upon the season. The emission rates from the palms remain rather stable throughout the year, but those from the dorsa vary widely depending upon the season. These features of biophoton emission rates were considered in light of the diagnostic view of traditional Chinese medicine.     

(E)-3-(2-Alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones: Preparative, IR, NMR and DFT study on their substituent-dependent reactivity in hydrazinolysis and sonication-assisted oxidation with copper(II)nitrate

A series of novel 3(5)-aryl/ferrocenyl-5(3)-phenothiazinylpyrazoles and pyrazolines were obtained by substituent-dependent regioselective condensation of the corresponding (E)-3-(2-alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-1-aryl/ferrocenylprop-2-en-1-one with hydrazine or methylhydrazine in acetic acid. The different propensity of the primary formed beta-hydrazino adducts to undergo competitive retro-Mannich reaction was interpreted in terms of tautomerisation equilibrium constants calculated by DFT using a solvent model. The regioselectivity of the cyclisation reactions with methylhydrazine and the substituent-dependent redox properties of pyrazolines were also rationalized by comparative DFT calculations performed for simplified model molecules. On the effect of ultrasound-promoted oxidation with copper(II)nitrate phenothiazine-containing pyrazolines, enones and oxo-compounds were selectively transformed into sulfoxides. Only one sulfoxide enone was partially converted into an oxirane derivative. The structure of the novel products was determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy including COSY, HSQC, HMBC and DNOE measurements.