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191.
R. Grac M. Pugnet J.H. Collet B. Lambert C. De Matos H. L'Haridon A. Le Corre J.O. White 《Superlattices and Microstructures》1997,22(4):505-509
We report new results on the diffraction properties of photoinduced gratings in InGaAs/InGaAsP MQW structures. The original feature of this device is that the QWs are enclosed in an asymmetric Fabry–Perot microcavity in order to increase the diffraction efficiency. We observe oscillations in the diffraction efficiency due to resonant effects in the microcavity. The experimental spectra are compared with theory. Diffraction efficiency at 1.55 μm attains a maximum value of 2.7% at a write beam fluence of 260 μ J cm−2, and then decreases at higher fluences. We explain this phenomenon by an absorption saturation at high excitation. 相似文献
192.
T. Engel M. Würtz S. Borneis St. Becker I. Klaft A. Kohl T. Kühl F. Laeri D. Marx K. Meier R. Neumann F. Schmitt P. Seelig L. Völker 《Hyperfine Interactions》1997,108(1-3):251-258
Laser spectroscopy at storage rings often suffers from a limited resolution due to Doppler-broadened resonances. Broadening
is caused by the velocity spread of the ions stored in the beam. In the following, the present status of our work on laser
systems specialized on the specific needs of laser spectroscopy at storage rings is reported.
Two pulsed laser systems were developed. One is a dye laser whose spectral bandwidth can be switched by inserting different
Littrow-prisms into the resonator. An increase in bandwidth up to a factor of 45 was achieved. This laser was used for fast
qualitative scans and high resolution measurements. The other laser system is a Nd : YAG laser pumped optical parametric oscillator.
It is a tunable laser system covering the spectral range from 410 to 4000 nm. Furthermore, a continuous wave laser with a
frequency shifted feedback cavity is described. It shows broadband emission with an adjustable bandwidth of up to 4.5 GHz.
This laser can be advantageous for laser cooling of ion beams.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
193.
Operational Research groups were established in private and public sector organizations following on from their success supporting the military in the Second World War. In the early years their numbers grew rapidly but by the mid-1970s evidence started to accumulate that they were being viewed less favourably. Many organizations chose not to set up OR groups. Established groups were closed down or dispersed to operating units in organizations, particularly during the recessionary periods. In 1993 following on the closures of some major OR groups in the UK, the Operational Research Society decided to fund research to examine those factors influencing a group's success and survival. This review, which forms part of the research, first examines the history of OR groups in the UK and North America, arguing that in practice they were one of a number of internal organizational consultancies. As such they were judged by their competitive performance. Despite the intent of the founding fathers of OR many groups found their scope was limited to mainly tactical problems using analytical model based approaches although there were exceptions that were successful in making major contributions at the strategic level also. Within their chosen fields of activity however many groups flourished whilst some failed. This review presents a comprehensive list of influences on success and survival. They include changes in the external environment, together with shifts in managerial style and culture, organizational factors, and the OR group itself. The review concludes that, while OR groups can do much to protect themselves from closure, organizational changes within a hostile managerial culture demand a creative response that acknowledges new requirements. Areas where an OR group has greatest influence over its effectiveness include its leadership and personnel, project balance and management. In addition, to be successful OR groups need to positively develop and market their services in an increasingly competitive managerial climate. 相似文献
194.
195.
196.
E. Hatta H. Hosoi H. Akiyama T. Ishii K. Mukasa 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,2(3):347-349
We have observed a remarkable two-armed spiral in the collapse process of a floating monolayer at the air-water interface
by phase contrast microscopy. This demonstrates that the floating monolayer as a form of soft condensed matter reorganizes
itself due to a certain kind of macroscopic or collective behavior of molecules as it collapses. This pattern formation is
caused by the breakdown of a critical dynamical balance between the deformation of solid domain and the applied surface pressure.
The fragility as well as the flexibility of the floating monolayer can be associated with the observed pattern growth. There
are also observed interesting, periodically arranged collections of molecules in numerous collapsed regions.
Received: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
197.
198.
Double-diffusive convection due to a cylindrical source submerged in a salt-stratified solution is numerically investigated
in this study. For proper simulation of the vortex generated around the cylinder, a computational domain with irregular shape
is employed. Flow conditions depend strongly on the thermal Rayleigh number, Ra
T
, and the buoyancy ratio, R
ρ. There are two types of onset of instability existing in the flow field. Both types are due to either the interaction of
the upward temperature gradient and downward salinity gradient or the interaction of the lateral temperature gradient and
downward salinity gradient. The onset of layer instability due to plume convection is due to the former, whereas, the onset
of layer instability of layers around the cylinder is due to the latter. Both types can be found in the flow field. The transport
mechanism of layers at the top of the basic plume belongs to former while that due to basic plume and layer around the cylinder
are the latter. The increase in Ra
T
reinforces the plume convection and reduces the layer numbers generated around the cylinder for the same buoyancy ratio.
For the same Ra
T
, the increase of R
ρ suppresses the plume convection but reinforces the layers generated around the cylinder. The profiles of local Nusselt number
reflects the heat transfer characteristics of plume convection and layered structure. The profiles of averaged Nusselt number
are between the pure conduction and natural convection modes and the variation is due to the evolution of layers.
Received on 13 September 1996 相似文献
199.
200.
ALEPH Collaboration D. Buskulic D. Casper I. De Bonis D. Decamp P. Ghez C. Goy J. -P. Lees A. Lucotte M. -N. Minard et al. 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1995,69(1):379-392
A data sample of about 3.0 million hadronicZ decays collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP in the years 1991 through 1994 is used to make an inclusive selection of
B hadron events. In this event sample 4227±140±252B* mesons in the decayB*→Bγ and 1944±108±161B**
u,d
mesons decaying into a B meson and a charged pion are reconstructed. Here and in the followingB**
u,d
denotes the eightL=1(bū) and (bd) states and their charge conjugate.
For the well establishedB* meson the following quantities are obtained:ΔM=M
B*−MB=(45.30±0.35±0.87) MeV/c2 andN
B*/(N
B+N
B*)=(77.1±2.6±7.0)%. The angular distribution of the photons in theB* rest frame is used to measure the relative contribution of longitudinalB* polarization states to beσ
L/(σ
L+σ
T)=(33±6±5)%. 相似文献