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101.
Olson IA Bacon WA Baez Sosa YY Delaney KM Forte SA Guglielmo MA Hill AN Kiesow KH Langenbacher RE Xun Y Young RO Bowyer WJ 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2011,115(40):11001-11007
We describe three new strategies for determining heterogeneous reaction rates using photomicroscopy to measure the rate of retreat of metal surfaces: (i) spheres in a stirred solution, (ii) microscopic powder in an unstirred solution, and (iii) spheres on a rotating shaft. The strategies are applied to indium-mediated allylation (IMA), which is a powerful tool for synthetic chemists because of its stereoselectivity, broad applicability, and high yields. The rate-limiting step of IMA, reaction of allyl halides at indium metal surfaces, is shown to be fast, with a minimum value of the heterogeneous rate constant of 1 × 10(-2) cm/s, an order of magnitude faster than the previously determined minimum value. The strategies described here can be applied to any reaction in which the surface is retreating or advancing, thereby broadening the applicability of photomicroscopy to measuring heterogeneous reaction kinetics. 相似文献
102.
Rachel Quinlan 《Linear algebra and its applications》2011,434(6):1580-2271
Let V be a vector space of dimension n over any field F. Extreme values for the possible dimension of a linear subspace of EndF(V) with a particular property are considered in two specific cases. It is shown that if E1 is a subspace of EndF(V) and there exists an endomorphism g of V, not in E1, such that for every hyperplane H of V some element of E1 agrees with g on H, then E1 has dimension at least . This answers a question that was posed by Szechtman in 2003. It is also shown that a linear subspace of Mn(F) in which no element possesses a non-zero eigenvalue in F may have dimension at most . The connection between these two properties, which arises from duality considerations, is discussed. 相似文献
103.
Katherine Heller Barbara D. MacCluer Rachel J. Weir 《Integral Equations and Operator Theory》2011,69(2):247-268
When φ and ψ are linear–fractional self-maps of the unit ball B
N
in
\mathbb CN,N 3 1{{\mathbb C}^N,N\geq 1}, we show that the difference Cj-Cy{C_{\varphi}-C_{\psi}} cannot be non-trivially compact on either the Hardy space H
2(B
N
) or any weighted Bergman space A2a(BN){A^2_{\alpha}(B_N)}. Our arguments emphasize geometrical properties of the inducing maps φ and ψ. 相似文献
104.
Clary JW Rettenmaier TJ Snelling R Bryks W Banwell J Wipke WT Singaram B 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2011,76(23):9602-9610
Grignard reagents (aliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, vinyl, or allylic) react with 1 equiv of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (pinacolborane, PinBH) at ambient temperature in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to afford the corresponding pinacolboronates. The initially formed dialkoxy alkylborohydride intermediate quickly eliminates hydridomagnesium bromide (HMgBr) and affords the product boronic ester in very good yield. Hydridomagnesium bromide (HMgBr) in turn disproportionates to a 1:1 mixture of magnesium hydride (MgH(2)) and magnesium bromide (MgBr(2)) on addition of pentane to the reaction mixture. DFT calculations (Gaussian09) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory show that disproportionation of HMgBr to MgH(2) and MgBr(2) is viable in the coordinating ethereal solvents. This reaction also can be carried out under Barbier conditions, where the neat PinBH is added to the flask prior to the in situ formation of Grignard reagent from the corresponding organic halide and magnesium metal. Pinacolboronic ester synthesis under Barbier conditions does not give Wurtz coupling side products from reactive halides, such as benzylic and allylic halides. The reaction between PinBH and various Grignard reagents is an efficient, mild, and general method for the synthesis of pinacolboronates. 相似文献
105.
The double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction involving arenyl-dienes has been used to assemble seven separate [5.5.5.5] fenestrane structures that include ether and aza variants. The primary photolysis step was a meta photocycloaddition reaction, while a secondary photocycloaddition step formed the fenestrane structure. Investigations involving the insertion of an additional methylene group into the basic arenyl-diene skeleton failed to afford the desired [5.5.5.6] fenestrane structure. The presence of an oxime moiety in the aromatic photosubstrate allowed the primary photolysis step to take place; however, an attempted secondary photocycloaddition reaction involving the oxime did not provide the intended polyheterocyclic fenestrane. An alternative strategy to form various "criss-cross" double meta photocycloadducts was investigated and led to the discovery of a Paterno-Büchi cycloaddition reaction between acetone and an angular meta photocycloadduct. Other novel thermally and photochemically mediated skeletal rearrangement reactions were also recorded. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
The synthesis of a benzotriazole azo dye phosphoramidite and the subsequent use in solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides is reported. The azo dye is shown as a surface enhanced resonance Raman label for oligonucleotides that is capable of immobilisation of the oligonucleotide on metal surfaces such as silver nanoparticles. 相似文献
109.
Shin Y Fournier JH Brückner A Madiraju C Balachandran R Raccor BS Edler MC Hamel E Sikorski RP Vogt A Day BW Curran DP 《Tetrahedron》2007,63(35):8537-8562
Total syntheses of (−)-dictyostatin, 6,16-bis-epi-dictyostatin, 6,14,19-tris-epi-dictyostatin, and a number of other isomers and analogs are reported. Three main fragments—top, middle, and bottom—were first assembled and then joined by olefination or anionic addition reactions. After appending the two dienes at either end of the molecule, macrolactonization and deprotection completed the syntheses. The work proves both the relative and absolute configurations of (−)-dictyostatin. The compounds were evaluated by cell-based measurements of increased microtubule mass and antiproliferative activity, and in vitro tubulin polymerization assays as well as competitive assays with paclitaxel for its binding site on microtubules. These assays showed dictyostatin to be the most potent of the agents and further showed that the structural alterations caused from 20- to >1000-fold decreases in activity. 相似文献
110.
This paper seeks to determine whether governments should intervene in the private annuity market by directly providing public insurance in the form of annuities when both the government and the insurance companies could default. It is found that, although the government could default, intervening by means of an annuity can improve social welfare if the insurance companies could default and the expected return on the public annuity is greater than the rate of return on a risk-free bond. We also find that, under actuarially fair pricing, the government should provide more in terms of a public annuity than the optimal amount of the annuity that the individual purchases in the private market if the government is less likely to default on the public annuity than an insurance company would in the case of a private annuity. 相似文献