On the linearization of source free gauge field equations

A scheme for linearizing the source free Yang-Mills field equations is given. An infinite parameter invariance group of the gauge field equations is discovered.     

On the use of a MO polarized basis for the analysis of the interaction energy in molecular interactions: Application to amine complexes

A variant of the interaction energy decomposition scheme proposed by Morokuma which gives more emphasis to polarized MOS is presented and tested on complexes of amines with Li⁺, BH₃, and SO₂. A more systematic utilization of polarized MOS (i.e., of orbitals of the interacting molecules computed with the SCF formalism in the Coulombic field of the other molecular components of the system) is adopted, and the connection of this decomposition of the supermolecule interaction energy with perturbation approaches utilizing such polarized MOS is discussed.     

Characterization of medieval proteinaceous painting media using gas chromatography and gas chromatography — mass spectrometry

Proteinaceous organic materials used as ancient painting media were investigated by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and capillary gas chromatography — mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Medieval wall paintings made by the tempera technique were considered and their binding media were studied by the characterization of their main chemical components. The basic methodology is based on the determination of amino acids in samples of paint layers after hydrolysis and derivatization and on the comparison with reference proteinaceous materials. Multivariate chemometric techniques were used to facilitate the recognition of the protein source from chromatographic data. To characterize the binders further, a method was developed for the determination of fatty acids, present as minor components, by GC/MS. The use of fused-silica capillary columns coated with selected stationary phases allowed the separation of amino acid and fatty acid derivatives in a single analytical run.     

Molecular modeling as a tool to discriminate between enantiomers resolved by derivatized cyclodextrins in gas chromatography

The elution order of a series of enantiomers, determined by gas chromatography using permethylated and trifluoroacetylated- and-cyclodextrins as stationary phases, was tentatively correlated with the lowest energies of the host-guest complex models resulting by including the enantiomers into the cyclodextrin cavity by means of the molecular mechanics method using standard software packagesSybyl andSpartan. The modeling data of cyclic isomers such as proline derivatives and-lactones correlate with the gas chromatographic data. Those of open isomers such as other aliphaticd,l-amino acids and alcohols, give contradictory results.     

Classification of ancient proteinaceous painting media by the joint use of pattern recognition and factor analysis on GC/MS data

Reference proteinaceous binding media of the kinds historically used in painting (specially prepared for this study) and samples collected from ancient polychrome works of art were analysed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The data have been processed by several multivariate chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, factor analysis and SIMCA technique in order to classify the binding media of the ancient works of art on the basis of the proteinaceous material used. The characterisation of ancient samples was possible by the joint use of SIMCA technique and factor analysis. The latter, in particular, has made it possible to point into evidence the presence of at least two latent factors. The first factor seems to be connected with the chemical composition of the painting media, while the second factor is likely to be connected with ageing processes. Received: 14 October 1998 / Revised: 23 April 1999 / Accepted: 20 May 1999     

Asymptotics of High Order Noise Corrections

We consider an evolution operator for a discrete Langevin equation with a strongly hyperbolic classical dynamics and noise with finite moments. Using a perturbative expansion of the evolution operator we calculate high order corrections to its trace in the case of a quartic map and Gaussian noise. The asymptotic behaviour is investigated and is found to be independent up to a multiplicative constant of the distribution of noise.     

A study for the characterization of binding media from medieval polychrome sculptures by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Summary Binding media in samples taken from XIIth–XIIIth century polychrome sculptures in the Baptistery of Parma (Italy) were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after hydrolysis and derivatization procedures. The use of SE-52 capillary columns and the application of selected ion monitoring (SIM) allowed an increasing in the sensitivity and the ability to differentiate between animal glues, casein, egg and drying oils as components of the binders of paint and ground layers. Small amounts of material were enough for a satisfactory characterization.     

Clique percolation in random networks

The notion of k-clique percolation in random graphs is introduced, where k is the size of the complete subgraphs whose large scale organizations are analytically and numerically investigated. For the Erdos-Rényi graph of N vertices we obtain that the percolation transition of k-cliques takes place when the probability of two vertices being connected by an edge reaches the threshold p(c) (k) = [(k - 1)N](-1/(k - 1)). At the transition point the scaling of the giant component with N is highly nontrivial and depends on k. We discuss why clique percolation is a novel and efficient approach to the identification of overlapping communities in large real networks.