Enhanced capacity of chitosan for transition-metal ions in sulphate-sulphuric acid solutions

Batch measurements have shown that the collection yields of chitosan for chromium(III), iron(III), nickel, copper(II), zinc and mercury(II) from sulphuric acid solutions are higher when the solutions contain ammonium sulphate, or when chitosan conditioned in ammonium sulphate is used, particularly at pH 3.0 and 5.0. The contrary is verified for the oxy-anions vanadate, chromate and molybdate. Manganese is never collected. At pH 1.0 no collection occurs. A procedure for recycling chromatographic columns includes fixation of Cu or Ni from a sulphate solution at pH 3-5 on sulphate-conditioned chitosan, and elution with 0.1M sulphuric acid/0.1M ammonium sulphate at pH 1.0; the presence of sulphate in the eluent obviates the detrimental effect of sulphuric acid on the next cycle. Sulphate is the favoured counter-ion of the chelated cations and its action produces shorter chromatographic bands. The interaction of sulphate with chitosan is discussed in terms of crystallinity and steric distribution of the protonated amino-groups in the polymer. Data on the new diethylaminohydroxypropylcellulose are included.     

Zum Mechanismus der Hydrogenolyse aromatisch gebundenen Halogens

The selective chlorination of a m/p-xylene mixture, followed by distillation of the unreacted p-xylene, leaves a residue containing up to 90% of monochlorinated m-xylenes. m-Xylene is recovered from the latter by heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenolysis in the gas-phase. It was found that the hydrogenolysis on certain noble metal catalysts proceeds according to an ionic reaction mechanism at temperatures below a definite temperature range. At temperatures above this range hydrogenolysis follows a radical reaction mechanism.     

Use of spectroscopy of gamma-radiation from the inelastic scattering of reactor fast neutrons for elemental analysis

Gamma-spectra of stainless-steel and soil samples have been measured to study the potentialities of using spectroscopy of γ-radiation from the inelastic scattering of reactor fast neutrons for element analysis of various materials. Contents of iron, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon and titanium in stainless steel, and those of silicon, iron, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, titanium, carbon and oxygen in soil have been determined by comparing the spectra of the samples with those of specially prepared mixtures of elements. The distinguishing features, advantages, and limitations of this method are discussed.     

lα-hydroxy previtamin D3, and its selective formation from 1-keto previtamin D3

An efficient method for the preparation of crystalline α-hydroxy previtamin D₃ is described. Also the stereoselective reduction of 1-keto previtamin $\text{9}$ is discussed; it was observed that with aluminum hydride $\text{7}$ is the most abundant product. This stands in contrast with previously reported LiAlH₄ and NaBH₄ mediated reductions.     

Determination of mono-, di- and polyamines in foods using a single-column amino acid auto-analyzer

A fully automated, rapid and sensitive method was developed to analyze fourteen different biogenic amines in food. Using a Technicon C4 ion-exchange resin column (20 m X 0.5 cm), adapted to an automatic Technicon TSM amino acid analyzer, the following amines were separated and quantified: adrenaline, noradrenaline, 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, dopamine, spermine, agmatine, tyramine, serotonin, phenethylamine and tryptamine. Five buffers were required to elute the amines using a gradient of pH from 5.6 to 12.7; the column temperature was maintained at 65 degrees C. The method was also assayed on ground beef, cheese and wine samples. Amines from cheese and ground beef samples were extracted with 0.6 M perchloric acid. No extraction of wine samples was necessary.     

On the theory of solvent effects

A simple electrostatic analysis is given of the virtual charge (solvaton) model to represent the environment effect on the electronic wave function of a solute immersed in a polarizable surrounding. New features of this model are found. The classical aspects are discussed and secondly the quantal implications are considered. A correct Hartree-Fock-like operator is derived which represents an electron in a molecular orbital subjected to the average effect of the other electrons and to the reaction field produced by the virtual charges on the atomic centers.A general formalism based on the preceding model is presented in appendix. The final equations have a form similar to Newton's equation to represent a solvated electron. Unlike some other theories in this field, there is no cut-off involved in the evaluation of the molecular integrals.     

Effect of pressure on free-radical copolymerization kinetics. I. A concept of additivity of partial molar volumes of activation

A short review of the effect of pressure on copolymerization kinetics shows the necessity of simple models for a better understanding of activation volumes. Therefore, a simple concept, possibly generally valid for free-radical polymerization, is proposed, based on the assumption that molar volumes of activation can be expressed as an addition of a characteristic radical and a monomer contribution, regardless of the combination involved. The scheme may facilitate the visualization of the transition state and contribute to the understanding of reaction mechanisms of radical polymerizations. Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymerization at 62°C with tert-butyl alcohol as solvent agrees with the proposed scheme, appearing from the pressure independence of the product of reactivity ratios at the different levels (35,600, and 1200 kg/cm²). Implicitly it can be shown that an ethylene monomer contributes about 2 cm³/mole more to the activation volumes of the propagation reactions than does the vinyl acetate monomer, whereas for the radicals the difference of the respective contributions to the activation volumes is opposite in sign.     

Telomerization of ethylene with 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane in the presence of iron pentacarbonyl and isopropyl alcohol

Conclusions Polychlorinated hydrocarbons containing the CCl₃ group can be used as telogens in the telomerization of olefins in the presence of iron pentacarbonyl and i-C₃H₇OH. The formation of the telomer homologs in high yield obeys the general rules that were established for the given initiating system.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2837–2839, December, 1971.     

Selenium in environmental waters: Determination, speciation and concentration levels

This article reviews the different methods used for the determination of selenium species in all types of environmental waters. Basic difficulties are discussed and the efficiency of the methods is explained in view of the sub-mug/1. concentration levels. Special attention is paid to preconcentration steps. Published data on speciation and concentration levels in various water samples are critically reviewed.     

On the photochemical conversion of an alpha, beta-unsaturated gamma, delta-epoxy ketone: 3-oxo-6-alpha, 7-alpha-oxide-17-beta-acetoxy-Delta-androstane

The α,β-unsaturated γ,δ-epoxyketone 7 is isomerized almost exclusively to the δ-diketone 9 both upon irradiation in the n → π* absorption band with light of wavelengths above 310 nm (in anhydrous dioxane or benzene solutions) and upon triplet sensitization using acetophenone in benzene. The reaction may be formulated by the cleavage of the C_γ? O oxide bond and the shift of the δ-hydrogen to the γ-position, and thus bears a formal “double bond homology” to the photochemical α,β-epoxyketone rearrangement. Excitation in the π → π* absorption band of 7 with light of wavelength 253,7 nm (in anhydrous dioxane solution) leads to the formation of product 10 as well as to the triplet rearrangement to 9 . With this result a novel partial synthesis of O-acetyl-B-nortestosterone has been accomplished, which has the advantages of fewer steps and higher product yield ( 7 → 10 : ～30% yield) than previously published syntheses. On the basis of the presently available experiments, the mechanism of the transformation 7 → 10 , which constitutes one of the still few examples of enone photoreactions induced selectively from the π,π* excited singlet, remains unknown.