Gauging universe expansion via scalar fields

In this study, we investigate the expansion of the FRLW universe in the open, closed, and flat geometries. The universe is dominated by a scalar field (spatially homogeneous) as a source of dark energy. We consider the three different classes of scalar fields – quintessence, tachyonic, and phantom field – for our analysis. A mathematical analysis is carried out by considering these three scalar fields with exponential and power-law potentials. Both potentials give exponential expansion in the open, closed, and flat FRLW universes. It is found that quintessence, tachyonic, and phantom scalar fields are indistinguishable under the slow roll approximation.     

Uncatalyzed synthesis of new substituted dihydro-2H-dipyrimido[1,2-a,4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-dione

Research on Chemical Intermediates - A convenient and new method has been developed for the synthesis of highly substituted dihydro-2H-dipyrimido[1,2-a,4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-dione derivatives by...     

Mathematical modeling of solvent extraction of uranium from sulphate media employing 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) and its mixture with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as extractants

The extraction of U(VI) from sulphate medium with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A, H₂A₂ in dimeric form) in n-dodecane has been investigated under varying concentrations of sulphuric acid and uranium. Slope analysis of uranium (VI) distribution data as a function of PC88A concentration suggests the formation of monomeric species, viz. UO₂(HA₂)₂. This observation was further supported by the mathematical expression obtained during non-linear least square regression analysis of U(VI) distribution data correlating the percentage extraction (%E) and the acidity (H _i). A mathematical model correlating the experimental distribution ratio values of U(VI) (D _U) with initial acidity (H _i) and initial uranium concentrations (C _i) was developed: D_\textU = 12.98( ±0.90)/{ C_\texti ^{- 0.75( ±0.05)} ×[ H_\texti ]² } D_{\text{U}} = 12.98( \pm 0.90)/\left\{ {C_{\text{i}}^{ - 0.75( \pm 0.05)} \times \left[ {H_{\text{i}} } \right]^{2} } \right\} . This expression can be used to predict the concentration of uranium in organic as well as in aqueous phase at any C _i and H _i. The extraction data were used to calculate the conditional extraction constant (K _ex) values at different acidities (2–7 M H⁺), uranium (0.02–0.1 M) and PC88A (0.2–0.6 M) concentrations. These studies were also extended for the extraction of U(VI) using synergistic mixtures of PC88A and TOPO from sulphate medium.     

Novel borothermal process for the synthesis of nanocrystalline oxides and borides of niobium

A new process has been developed for the synthesis of nanocrystalline niobium oxide and niobium diboride using an amorphous niobium precursor obtained via the solvothermal route. On varying the ratio of niobium precursor to boron and the reaction conditions, pure phases of nanostructured niobium oxides (Nb(2)O(5), NbO(2)), niobium diboride (NbB(2)) and core-shell nanostructures of NbB(2)@Nb(2)O(5) could be obtained at normal pressure and low temperature of 1300 °C compared to a temperature of 1650 °C normally used. The above borothermal process involves the in situ generation of B(2)O(2) to yield either oxide or diboride. The niobium oxides and borides have been characterized in detail by XRD, HRTEM and EDX studies. The core-shell structure has been investigated by XPS depth profiling, EFTEM and EELS (especially to characterize the presence of boron and the shell thickness). The niobium diboride nanorods (with high aspect ratio) show a superconducting transition with the T(c) of 6.4 K. In the core-shell of NbB(2)@Nb(2)O(5), the superconductivity of NbB(2) is masked by the niobium oxide shell and hence no superconductivity was observed. The above methodology has the benefits of realizing both oxides and borides of niobium in nanocrystalline form, in high purity and at much lower temperatures.     

An insight into our research on vinyl sulfone-modified pyranosides and furanosides

This review describes the research by the authors on the synthesis of vinyl sulfone-modified carbohydrates and the application of this new class of Michael acceptors in the generation of a wide range of aminosugars, branched-chain sugars, cyclopropanted carbohydrates, densely functionalized cyclopropanes, isonucleosides and pyrroles.     

Characterization of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][Tf2N])∕TX-100∕cyclohexane ternary microemulsion: investigation of photoinduced electron transfer in this RTIL containing microemulsion

In this study we have characterized a ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl- sulfonyl)imide containing ternary nonaqueous microemulsion ([Emim][Tf(2)N]∕∕TX-100∕cyclo- hexane). The phase behavior and dynamic light scattering study show that the [Emim][Tf(2)N]∕TX-100∕cyclohexane three component system can form microemulsion with [Emim][Tf(2)N] as polar core at suitable condition. We have investigated photoinduced electron transfer (PET) using dimethyl aniline as electron donor and several Coumarin dyes as electron acceptor molecules at two different R values (R = [ionic liquid]∕[surfactant]) to observe how the dynamics of the PET rate is affected in this type of confined microenvironment compared to that of the PET dynamics in neat ionic liquid and other pure solvent media. The plot of observed k(q) values with the free energy change (ΔG(0)) for electron transfer reaction shows an apparent inversion in the observed rate as predicted by the Marcus theory.     

Triazole-linked-thiophene conjugate of calix[4]arene: its selective recognition of Zn2+ and as biomimetic model in supporting the events of the metal detoxification and oxidative stress involving metallothionein

Supramolecular calix[4]arene conjugate (L) has been developed as a sensitive and selective sensor for Zn(2+) in HEPES buffer among the 12 metal ion by using fluorescence, absorption and ESI MS and also by visual fluorescent color. The structural, electronic, and emission properties of the calix[4]arene conjugates L and its zinc complex, [ZnL], have been demonstrated using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) combined with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The TDDFT calculations reveal the switch on fluorescence behavior of L is mainly due to the utilization of the lone pair of electrons on imine moiety by the Zn(2+). The resultant fluorescent complex, [ZnL], has been used as a secondary sensing chemo-ensemble for the detection of -SH containing molecules by removing Zn(2+) from [ZnL] and forming {Cys/DTT·Zn} adducts as equivalent to those present in metallothioneins. The displacement followed by the release of the coordinated zinc from its Cys/DTT complex by heavy metal ion (viz. Cd(2+) and Hg(2+)), as in the metal detoxification process or by ROS (such as H(2)O(2)) as in the oxidative stress, has been well demonstrated using the conjugate L through the fluorescence intensity retrieval wherein the fluorescence intensity is the same as that observed with [ZnL], which in turn mimics the zinc sensing element (MTF) in biology.     

A general route to mono- and disubstituted divinyl sulfones: acyclic Michael acceptors for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized cyclic sulfones

Nucleophilic C-S bond formation using easily available β-hydroxysulfonate derivatives allowed direct access to new mono- and disubstituted divinyl sulfones. Our strategy uses thioethanol (HSCH(2)CH(2)OH) and its analogues such as HSCH(2)CH(Y)OH generated in situ. The strategy also allows the synthesis of modified divinyl sulfones attached to chiral appendages like carbohydrates. Bis-heteronucleophilic Michael addition reactions with 1 equiv of a primary amine afforded new generations of S,S-dioxothiomorpholine derivatives known for their therapeutic applications. Further synthetic manipulations of some of these cyclic compounds led to the synthesis of novel bicyclic derivatives.     

EPR of Cu2+-doped tris-sarcosine calcium chloride

The EPR study of the Cu²⁺-doped tris-sarcosine calcium chloride (TSCC) at room temperature is reported. Two magnetically inequivalent sites for Cu²⁺ were observed. The rhombic spin Hamiltonian parameters are determined by fitting the EPR spectra for two centres: Cu²⁺(I) g₁ = 2.0276, g₂ = 2.0517, g₃ = 2.4019, A₁ = 82, A₂ = 128, A₃ = 152 [G] and Cu²⁺(II) g₁ = 2.0231, g₂ = 2.0368, g₃ = 2.5294, A₁ = 76, A₂ = 92, A₃ = 156 [G]. The ground state wave function is also determined. The g-anisotropy is evaluated and compared with the experimental value. Further, the optical study of the crystal at room temperature is carried out and the nature of bonding in the complex is discussed.