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61.
Quality control is an important and integral part to any microfabrication process. While the widths of features often can be easily assessed by light microscopy, the heights of the fabricated structures are more difficult to determine. Here, we present a rapid, accurate, and low-cost method to measure the heights of microfabricated structures during and after the fabrication process. This technique is based on white-light interferometry, which offers accuracy on the submicrometre scale. 相似文献
62.
Derek Bradley Malcolm Lawes Morkous S. Mansour 《Flow, Turbulence and Combustion》2011,87(2-3):191-204
The paper reviews the practical problems in measuring a turbulent burning velocity that gives the mass rate of burning. These largely centre on identifying an appropriate flame surface to associate with the turbulent burning velocity, u t , and the density of the unburned mixture. Such a flame surface has been identified, in terms of the mean reaction progress variable, $\bar {c}$ , for explosive flame propagation in a fan-stirred bomb. Measurement of $\bar {c}$ makes possible an estimation of the flame surface density, ??, from the relationship ${\it \Sigma} =k\bar {c}\left( {1-\bar {c}} \right)$ . It is shown that in such explosions, mass rates of burning derived from the measured total flame surface area agreed well with those found from the measured turbulent burning velocity. Flamelet considerations identify appropriate dimensionless correlating parameters for u t . As a result, correlations of turbulent burning velocity divided by the effective rms turbulent velocity, are plotted against the turbulent Karlovitz stretch factor, K, for different values of the Markstein number for flame strain rate, Masr. These plots cover a wide range of variables, including pressure and fuels, and are indicative of different regimes of turbulent combustion. At the lower values of K, there is some evidence of increases in u t and k due to high-frequency flame surface wrinkling arising from flame instabilities. These increase as Masr becomes more negative. It is found from the developed value of the mean flame surface density throughout the flame brush that, to a first approximation, an increase in u t for a given mixture is accompanied by a proportional increase in the volume of the brush. The analysis shows that the volume fraction of the turbulent flame brush that is reacting is quite small. 相似文献
63.
Scour around bridge foundations is one of the leading causes of bridge failure. Up until recently, the monitoring of this phenomenon was primarily based around using underwater instrumentation to monitor the progression of scour holes as they develop around foundation systems. Vibration-based damage detection techniques have been used to detect damage in bridge beams. The application of these vibration based methods to the detection of scour has come to the fore in research in recent years. This paper examines the effect that scour has on the frequency response of a driven pile foundation system, similar to those used to support road and rail bridges. The effect of scour on the vibration characteristics of the pile is examined using laboratory and field testing. It is clear that there is a very clear reduction in the natural frequency of the pile as the severity of scour increases. It is shown that by combining state-of-the-art geotechnical techniques with relatively simple finite element modelling approaches, it is possible to accurately predict the natural frequency of the pile for a given scour depth. Therefore, the paper proposes a method that would allow the estimation of scour depth for a given observed pile frequency. 相似文献
64.
Gavin J. Davies 《Frontiers of Physics》2013,8(3):270-284
This article reviews the Higgs searches at the Tevatron, as presented over the summer of 2012; both standard model (SM) and beyond the standard model (BSM) results are discussed as detailed (arXiv: 1207.0449; Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 109: 071804; Phys. Rev. D, 2012, 85: 032005). We discuss the combination of searches by the CDF and D0 Collaborations for the standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 100–200 GeV/c 2 produced in the the gg → H, WH, ZH, t{ie27-1}H, and vector boson fusion production modes, and decaying in the H → b{ie27-2}, H → W + W ?, H → ZZ, H → τ + τ ?, and H → γγ modes. The data, collected at the Fermilab Tevatron collider in p{ie27-3} collisions at {ie27-4} TeV, correspond to integrated luminosities of up to 10 fb?1. In the absence of signal, we expect to exclude the regions 100<m H < 120 GeV/c 2 and 139<m H < 184 GeV/c 2. We exclude, at the 95% C.L., two regions: 100<m H < 103 GeV/c 2, and 147<m H < 180 GeV/c 2. We observe a significant excess of events in the mass range between 115 and 140 GeV/c 2. The local significance corresponds to 3.0 standard deviations at m H = 120 GeV/c 2; the global significance (incorporating the look-elsewhere effect) for such an excess anywhere in the full mass range investigated is approximately 2.5 standard deviations. Furthermore, we separately combine searches for H → b{ie27-5}, H → W+W ? and H → γγ. We find that the excess is concentrated in the H → b{ie27-6} channel, appearing in the searches over a broad range of m H ; the maximum local significance of 3.3 standard deviations corresponds to a global significance of approximately 3.1 standard deviations. The observed signal strengths in all channels are consistent with the expectation for a standard model Higgs boson at m H = 125 GeV/c 2. The production of neutral Higgs bosons in association with b-quarks can be significantly enhanced in various beyond the standard model scenarios, including Supersymmetry. The recent combination of such searches from the two collaborations is discussed. 相似文献
65.
Sean Gavin 《Acta Physica Hungarica A》2005,24(1-4):65-70
66.
A mild and improved method for the synthesis of thioethers has been developed. In the presence of cesium carbonate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and DMF, various alkyl and aryl thiols underwent S-alkylation to afford structurally diverse sulfides in high yield. Unprotected mercaptoalcohols and thioamines reacted chemoselectively at the sulfur moiety exclusively. An example of a one-pot, solid-phase synthesis of a thioether is also described. 相似文献
67.
John H. Morris Gavin S. Peters Elena Koldaeva Raisa Spryshkova Gergy Borisov 《应用有机金属化学》1995,9(4):323-325
7-(CH3)3N-4-{2,4-(NO2)2C6H3S}-nido-7-CB10H11 has been synthesized through a Friedel-Crafts substitution reaction on 7-(CH3)3N-nido-7- CB10H12. A biodistribution study in mice with implanted B16 melanoma indicates that the compound locates in neoplastic tissue at concentrations which suggest that its use in 10B neutron capture therapy may be feasible. 相似文献
68.
The composition of different oakmoss extracts was investigated by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A series of 38 compounds – especially phenol derivatives and monoterpenes – was identified, 22 of which have not yet been reported as constituents of oakmoss. 相似文献
69.
70.
Gavin R. Caine Simon J. Dunne Ellak I. Von Nagy-Felsobuki 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1995,32(1):89-96
The He I and He II ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of 2-fluoro-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodopyridine have been recorded and interpreted in terms of a composite-molecule model. The sequence of the four lowest ionization energies for 2-fluoro- and 2-chloropyridine is: π3 (1a2) > nN (11a1) > π2 (2b1) > πpyr (7b2), whereas for 2-bromo- and 2-iodopyridine the assignment is: π3 (1a2) - πX > nN (11a1) > πX > π2 (2b1), where X represents a bromine and iodine lone-pair. Comparison of the He I and He II band intensities confirmed this assignment. However, ab initio calculations at the STO-3G*/STO-3G* and 6–31G**/STO-3G* levels did not agree with the sequence predicted by either the composite-molecule model, simple correlations and the He I/He II cross-section ratios. For the 2-fluoropyridine, a comparison using the HAM/3 model was found to be in agreement with this assignment. 相似文献