Field emission characteristics of thin-metal-coated nano-sheet carbon films

Nano-sheet carbon films (NSCFs) coated with very thin (≈5-nm-thick) metal layers were fabricated on Si wafer chips by means of quartz-tube-type microwave-plasma chemical-vapour-deposition method with hydrogen-methane gas mixture and an electron beam evaporation method. Field emission (FE) current densities obtained at a macroscopic average electric field, E, of ≈10 V/μm changed from 13 mA/cm² for NSCF with no coated metal to 1.7, 0.7 and 30 mA/cm² for Ti-, Al- and Au-coated NSCFs, respectively, while the threshold E varied from 4.4 V/μm for the former one to 5.3, 5.4 and 2.0 V/μm for the corresponding latter ones, respectively. As the FE currents of Au-coated NSCFs tended to be saturated in a higher E region, compared to those of NSCFs with no coated metal, no simple Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) model is applicable. A modified F-N model considering statistic effects of the FE tip structures and a space-charge-limited-current effect is successfully applied to an explanation for the FE data observed in the low and high E regions.     

Intravascular 3.0 T MRI Using an Imaging-Guidewire: a Feasibility Study in Swine

This study was to validate the feasibility of using a magnetic resonance imaging-guidewire (MRIG) for intravascular 3.0 T MR imaging of deep-seated arterial walls of large animals. The functionality of a 0.032-in. MRIG was evaluated and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated. Then, MRI of ten iliofemoral arteries of six pigs was acquired by MRIG and surface coil. The difference in the SNRs of the arterial walls between different coils was compared. Histology examined the potential thermal injuries of the imaged vessels. The MRIG functioned with the 3.0 T MR scanner. The average SNR of the arterial walls was significantly higher with the MRIG than with the surface coils (76.22 ± 34.76 vs. 12.63 ± 4.25, P < 0.01). Histology showed no evidence of thermal injuries at the vessel walls. This study validated the feasibility of generating intravascular 3.0 T MRI of deep-seated arterial walls in large animals, which should facilitate the translation of this technique from 1.5 to 3.0 T MR scanner.     

Controlled release of ketorolac through nanocomposite films of hydrogel and LDH nanoparticles

A novel nanocomposite film for sustained release of anionic ophthalmic drugs through a double-control process has been examined in this study. The film, made as a drug-loaded contact lens, consists principally of a polymer hydrogel of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), in whose matrix MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanoparticles intercalated with the anionic drug are well dispersed. Such nanocomposite films (hydrogel-LDH-drug) contained 0.6–0.8 mg of MgAl-LDH and 0.08–0.09 mg of the ophthalmic drug (ketorolac) in 1.0 g of hydrogel. MgAl-drug-LDH nanoparticles were prepared with the hydrodynamic particle size of 40–200 nm. TEM images show that these nanoparticles are evenly dispersed in the hydrogel matrix. In vitro release tests of hydrogel-LDH-drug in pH 7.4 PBS solution at 32 °C indicate a sustained release profile of the loaded drug for 1 week. The drug release undergoes a rapid initial burst and then a monotonically decreasing rate up to 168 h. The initial burst release is determined by the film thickness and the polymerization conditions, but the following release rate is very similar, with the effective diffusion coefficient being nearly constant (3.0 × 10⁻¹² m²/s). The drug release from the films is mechanistically attributed to anionic exchange and the subsequent diffusion in the hydrogel matrix.     

用激光法测量凹透镜焦距的探究

结合简单的几何原理,根据激光光源的特性提出了一种简便测量凹透镜焦距的新方法.     

Photothermal deflection measurement of effective gas diffusion coefficient of a porous medium

In this work, an effective gas diffusion coefficient of a porous medium was measured using photothermal deflection (PD) technique. An in-house made Loschmidt diffusion cell with a photothermal-deflection probe were employed to measure the effective gas diffusion coefficient of a gas diffusion layer (GDL) with a porosity ε ≈ 0.7. The concentration evolutions of CO₂ in O₂ with and without the GDL were measured, respectively, using a transverse normal PD technique. The concentration variations were used to deduce the gas diffusion coefficients in the presence and absence of the GDL by solving mass diffusion equations. The effective gas diffusion coefficient of the GDL was calculated from the diffusion coefficients using a model of an equivalent resistance to diffusion and found to be 4.39 × 10^-6 m²s^-1, demonstrating that PD technique can be employed to determine the effective gas diffusion coefficient of a porous medium.     

Separate spatial soliton pairs in a biased series centrosymmetric photorefractive crystal circuit

It is shown theoretically that three types of separate soliton pairs: bright-bright, bright-dark, and dark-dark, can be established in a biased series circuit consisting of two centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals and the two solitons in a separate soliton pair can affect each other by the light-induced current. The effects of the intensities of soliton beams and background lights on the normalized profiles of solitons are discussed.     

Dynamic vertical interaction of a foundation–soil system generated by seismic waves

Based on Biot's dynamic poroelastic theory, a foundation–soil interaction model is established to investigate the vertical vibrations of a rigid circular foundation on poroelastic soil excited by incident plane waves, including the fast P waves and SV waves. Scattering waves caused by the foundation and fluid–solid coupling due to the pore water in the soil are also considered in the model. The solution of the vertical vibrations of the foundation subjected to seismic waves are obtained by solving two sets of dual integral equations derived from the mixed boundary-value conditions. The different vertical vibrations of foundation rest on elastic and saturated half-space are compared. The influences of incident angle, permeability of soil and foundation mass on the vertical vibrations of the foundation are then discussed. The results show that resonant phenomenon of the foundation is observed at certain excitation frequencies; the effects of the pore water on the foundation vertical vibrations are significant. In addition, significant differences are found when the foundation is excited by P waves and SV waves, respectively.     

Virtual topology design scheme with energy efficiency for IP over elastic optical networks

The rapid growth of the Internet raises the importance of resource planning of Internet protocol（IP） over elastic optical networks（EONs）, which is a challenging task due to more complex and obscure physical constraints of it. Compared with network cost, the power consumption may eventually become the barrier to the expansion of the Internet. We present an energy-efficient virtual topology design（VTD） scheme for IP over EON. We explicitly explain and analyze the mixed integer linear programming model and the heuristic algorithm for this scheme. Numerical results show that the proposed VTD scheme can significantly save power consumption.     

基于web网络优化协议的水质污染程度在线监测系统设计

针对传统人工水质污染程度检测工作效率低、实时监测能力不强的问题,设计并实现了基于web网络优化协议的实时在线水质污染程度自动监测系统,系统利用无线传感器网络节点对区域水源水质进行监测,通过无线分组通信技术与宽带网络对数据进行远程传送,工作人员可实现web实时在线的水质信息查询、管理控制、数据收集、报警提示等操作,基于web的水质监测系统,提升了系统的可扩展性、易用性以及实时性等;系统硬件包括传感器模块、无线通信模块、单片机外围电路、以太网接口模块等;系统软件设计了web网络优化协议、系统监测平台、远程参数设置、驱动程序等内容;应用该系统对西安市护城河的水质进行污染程度监测,部署20个传感器监测节点,1个监测子站节点,1个远程web监测主站,分别监测河水中pH值、总磷浓度TP、化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮浓度,连续采样两天时间,通过仿真实验表明,该系统实现了100%的通信成功率,网络之间访问速度是传统网络协议的5~8倍,无线传感器网络与远程监测工作稳定可靠,通信速率满足实时监测要求,适用于对城市水源水质污染程度的实时在线监测。