全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3254篇 |
免费 | 157篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2394篇 |
晶体学 | 20篇 |
力学 | 151篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
数学 | 364篇 |
物理学 | 496篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 30篇 |
2022年 | 49篇 |
2021年 | 59篇 |
2020年 | 70篇 |
2019年 | 68篇 |
2018年 | 43篇 |
2017年 | 39篇 |
2016年 | 90篇 |
2015年 | 83篇 |
2014年 | 102篇 |
2013年 | 174篇 |
2012年 | 225篇 |
2011年 | 263篇 |
2010年 | 131篇 |
2009年 | 149篇 |
2008年 | 222篇 |
2007年 | 213篇 |
2006年 | 210篇 |
2005年 | 201篇 |
2004年 | 181篇 |
2003年 | 142篇 |
2002年 | 124篇 |
2001年 | 58篇 |
2000年 | 48篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 29篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 26篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 17篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有3428条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Velislava A Ignatova Sven Van Den Berghe Steven Van Dyck Vladimir N Popok 《Microscopy and microanalysis》2006,12(5):432-437
The oxide scales of AISI 304 formed in boric acid solutions at 300 degrees C and pH = 4.5 have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling. The present focus is depth profile quantification both in depth and chemical composition on a molecular level. The roughness of the samples is studied by atomic force microscopy before and after sputtering, and the erosion rate is determined by measuring the crater depth with a surface profilometer and vertical scanning interferometry. The resulting roughness (20-30 nm), being an order of magnitude lower than the crater depth (0.2-0.5 microm), allows layer-by-layer profiling, although the ion-induced effects result in an uncertainty of the depth calibration of a factor of 2. The XPS spectrum deconvolution and data evaluation applying target factor analysis allows chemical speciation on a molecular level. The elemental distribution as a function of the sputtering time is obtained, and the formation of two layers is observed-one hydroxide (mainly iron-nickel based) on top and a second one deeper, mainly consisting of iron-chromium oxides. 相似文献
12.
Serge Palacin Christophe Bureau Julienne Charlier Guy Deniau Brigitte Mouanda Pascal Viel 《Chemphyschem》2004,5(10):1468-1481
Electrografting is a powerful and versatile technique for modifying and decorating conducting surfaces with organic matter. Mainly based on the electro-induced polymerization of dissolved electro-active monomers on metallic or semiconducting surfaces, it finds applications in various fields including biocompatibility, protection against corrosion, lubrication, soldering, functionalization, adhesion, and template chemistry. Starting from experimental observations, this Review highlights the mechanism of the formation of covalent metal-carbon bonds by electro-induced processes, together with major applications such as derivatization of conducting surfaces with biomolecules that can be used in biosensing, lubrication of low-level electrical contacts, reversible trapping of ionic waste on reactive electrografted surfaces as an alternative to ion-exchange resins, and localized modification of conducting surfaces, a one-step process providing submicrometer grafted areas and which is used in microelectronics. 相似文献
13.
14.
本文把代数结构与分析体系结合起来,运用同调的方法,较系统地确定了A上C^*-模的部分理论,这里A为复数域C上的交换C^*-代数。即不仅定义了与C^*-模有关的某些新概念,而且还得到了有关C^*-模的若干结果。 相似文献
15.
16.
Christophe Rochais Vincent Lisowski Patrick Dallemagne Sylvain Rault 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(33):6353-6355
Novel arylpyrrolo- and pyrazolopyrrolizinones were prepared in three or four steps starting from aminoarylpyrrole and pyrazole carboxylates through the cyclisation of a Vilsmeier-Haack intermediate. This synthesis was enhanced by diverse N-protections of the aza-heterocycle and furnish new series with potential biological interest. 相似文献
17.
18.
Johann Guilleminot Christian Soize Djimedo Kondo Christophe Binetruy 《International Journal of Solids and Structures》2008,45(21):5567-5583
Many engineering materials exhibit fluctuations and uncertainties on their macroscopic mechanical properties. This randomness results from random fluctuations observed at a lower scale, especially at the meso-scale where microstructural uncertainties generally occur. In the present paper, we first propose a complete theoretical stochastic framework (that is, a relevant probabilistic model as well as a non-intrusive stochastic solver) in which the volume fraction at the microscale is modelled as a random field whose statistical reduction is performed using a Karhunen–Loeve expansion. Then, an experimental procedure dedicated to the identification of the parameters involved in the probabilistic model is presented and relies on a non-destructive ultrasonic method. The combination of the experimental results with a micromechanical analysis provides realizations of the volume fraction random field. In particular, it is shown that the volume fraction can be modelled by a homogeneous random field whose spatial correlation lengths are determined and may provide conditions on the size of the meso-volumes to be considered. 相似文献
19.
Vitali Vogel Jean‐Franois Gohy Bas G. G. Lohmeijer Jacomina A. Van Den Broek Winfried Haase Ulrich S. Schubert Dieter Schubert 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2003,41(20):3159-3168
In aqueous solutions, amphiphilic block copolymers in which a polystyrene (PS) segment is connected to a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block via a bis(2,2′:6′,2″‐ terpyridine ruthenium) complex can form micelles. Such micelles of the protomer type PS20‐[Ru]‐PEO70, according to the preparation procedure representing frozen micelles, were studied by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium analysis in an analytical ultracentrifuge and by transmission electron microscopy, with different techniques applied for the sample preparation. The particles obtained were surprisingly multifarious in size. In ultracentrifugation experiments performed at relatively low salt concentrations, the distributions of the sedimentation coefficient s20,w showed a pronounced peak at 9.6 S and a broad, only partly separated second peak around 14 S. The molar mass of the particles at the peak was around 430,000 g/mol, corresponding to an aggregation number of approximately 85. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles in the peak fraction was approximately 13 nm. In electron micrographs of negatively stained samples, spheres of diameters between 10 and 25 nm were the most abundant particles, but larger ones with a wide size range were also visible. The latter particles apparently were composed of smaller ones. The data from both sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy showed that (1) the studied compound formed primary micelles of diameters around 20 nm and (2) the primary micelles had a tendency toward aggregation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3159–3168, 2003 相似文献
20.
The syntheses of two rigid organic molecular rods bearing a nitronyl-nitroxide radical and a terminal nitrogen-based functionality like a pyridine or a cyano group are reported. Both new paramagnetic molecules are fully characterized, including crystal structure analysis. Furthermore their magnetic behaviours in the crystalline state are investigated and their spin concentration corroborate their excellent purity. While the pyridine functionalized rod is synthesized by converting the corresponding benzaldehyde to the phenyl-nitronyl-nitroxide radical, the synthesis of the cyano functionalized rod demonstrates the accessibility of highly sophisticated spin-labelled molecules via cross-coupling reaction with a meta-iodo-phenyl-nitronyl-nitroxide moiety. 相似文献