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131.
Natural networks are considered as thermodynamic systems that evolve from one state to another by consuming free energy. The least-time consumption of free energy is found to result in ubiquitous scale-free characteristics. The network evolution will yield the scale-independent qualities because the least-time imperative will prefer attachment of nodes that contribute most to the free-energy consumption. The analysis of evolutionary equation of motion, derived from statistical physics of open systems, reveals that evolution of natural networks is a path-dependent and nondeterministic process. Despite the noncomputability of evolution, many mathematical models of networks can be recognized as approximations of the least-time process as well as many measures of networks can be appreciated as practical assessments of the system's thermodynamic status. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012 相似文献
132.
Tuomo Valkonen 《Journal of Global Optimization》2010,48(2):311-321
We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for strict local minimisers of differences of convex (DC) functions, as well
as related results pertaining to characterisation of (non-strict) local minimisers, and uniqueness of global minimisers. 相似文献
133.
We derive stability criteria for saddle points of a class of nonsmooth optimization problems in Hilbert spaces arising in PDE-constrained optimization, using metric regularity of infinite-dimensional set-valued mappings. A main ingredient is an explicit pointwise characterization of the regular coderivative of the subdifferential of convex integral functionals. This is applied to several stability properties for parameter identification problems for an elliptic partial differential equation with non-differentiable data fitting terms. 相似文献
134.
Letizia Amato Lars Schulte Arto Heiskanen Stephan S. Keller Sokol Ndoni Jenny Emnéus 《Electroanalysis》2015,27(7):1544-1549
In this work, we compare pyrolyzed carbon derived from the photoresist SU‐8 alone or in combination with polystyrene and poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer (PS‐b‐PDMS), to be used as novel materials for micro‐ and nanoelectrodes. The pyrolyzed carbon films are evaluated with scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the standard rate constant for electron transfer is determined from cyclic voltammograms and found to be lower for PS‐b‐PDMS compared to PS and SU‐8 films. This may be related to the lower carbon content of PS‐b‐PDMS, as well as to its higher microstructural disorder. 相似文献
135.
Paula Irmeli Oja Timo Tapani Kouri Arto Juhani Pakarinen 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2009,14(4):193-197
The article describes the customer feedback system at a university hospital laboratory and the analysis of the feedback data
from clinical customers in 2001–2006. The most common subject matters of the feedback were suspicion of the validity of laboratory
results, delay in service and lacking test results, covering 82% of the 115 reports. The investigations of the cases revealed
errors or defects in laboratory services in 81 cases. The most common errors or defects were erroneous test results (35 cases;
43%), delayed test results (24 cases; 30%) and lacking test results (15 cases; 18%). The most common underlying causes for
a laboratory error or defect were unintended errors and non-compliance with operating instructions. Seventy-six percent of
the feedback reports led to corrective actions. It is important to react to every instance of customer feedback and to find
out possible errors or defects in the laboratory process. Uncovering the underlying causes makes adequate corrective and preventive
actions possible. 相似文献
136.
Valkonen A Kolehmainen E Lahtinen M Sievänen E Noponen V Tolonen M Kauppinen R 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2007,12(9):2161-2178
The synthetic method for preparing N-(3-hydroxypropyl) 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-amide can lead to formation of at least three different crystal forms - an anhydrous compound and two monohydrates. The structural and thermal properties of these forms have been characterized by 13C-CP/MAS-NMR and IR spectroscopy, thermo- gravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and by powder and single crystal x-ray crystallography. In addition, theoretical 13C-NMR chemical shift calculations were also performed for the anhydrous compound and for the first monohydrate, starting from single crystal structures and the structures of these species have now been verified. The first monohydrate, C27H47NO4 x H2O, crystallizes in orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell parameters: a = 7.1148(2), b = 18.1775(5), c = 20.1813(6), Z = 4. 相似文献
137.
Kari Ahonen Babita Behera Elina Siev?nen Arto Valkonen Manu Lahtinen Minna Tolonen Reijo Kauppinen Erkki Kolehmainen 《Structural chemistry》2010,21(1):185-190
The synthetic procedure of lithocholyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)amide yielded a mixture of several forms detected by solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR although the solution state NMR unambiguously ascertained that the compound was pure. By recrystallization from
various solvents one pure polymorph alongside with four solvates were isolated. The structures of the pure polymorph and the
solvates were characterized by 13C and 15N CP/MAS NMR and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) methods. Variable contact time and dipolar dephasing experiments were employed
to obtain optimized CP parameters and to distinguish various CH
n
(n = 0–3) resonances. CSA analyses of spinning side bands at different spinning rates showed small variations in the shielding
tensor values of the carbonyl group between the pure polymorph (recrystallized from acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane)
and p-xylene solvate. 相似文献
138.
139.
Emergence is analyzed by the principle of least action. The supreme law of nature describes diverse systems as actions that evolve from one state to another by consuming free energy in least time. As the system will either gain or lose quanta at the step of evolution, the systemic characteristics after the change of state cannot be reduced to those before the change. The change will invariably entail also a change in inter‐actions, which are flows of energy on paths that integrate ingredient systems to a synergistic system. New qualities will emerge along with opening interactions just as old ones will disappear along with ceasing interactions. The analysis of emergence as a natural process reveals that its irreducible and unpredictable nature does not result from complexity as such but because the natural process itself is molding the surroundings where it is evolving. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012 相似文献
140.
Ośmiałowski Borys Kolehmainen Erkki Gawinecki Ryszard Kauppinen Reijo Koivukorpi Juha Valkonen Arto 《Structural chemistry》2010,21(5):1061-1067