Laminar flow separation in an axi-symmetric sudden smooth expanded circular tube

This paper concerns with the investigation of laminar flow separation and its consequences in a tube over a smooth expansion under the axi-symmetric approximations. A co-ordinate stretching has been made to map the expanded tube into a straight tube. The two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved approximately by using primitive variables in staggered grid. A thorough quantitative analysis is performed through numerical simulations of the desired quantities such as wall shear stress, axial velocity, pressure distribution etc. These quantities are presented graphically and their consequences in the flow field are analysed in details. The dependence of the flow field on the physical parameter like expansion height d and on the Reynolds number has been investigated in details. It is interesting to note that the peak value of wall shear stress decreases with increasing height of expansion and also with the increasing Reynolds number.     

Operational characteristics of dual gain single cavity Nd:YVO4 laser

Operational characteristics of a dual gain single cavity Nd:YVO₄ laser have been investigated. With semiconductor diode laser pump power of 2 W, 800 mW output was obtained with a slope efficiency of 49%. Further, by changing the relative orientation of the two crystals the polarization characteristics of the output could be varied. In particular by keeping the two Nd:YVO₄ crystals with their c-axes orthogonal to each other and adjusting the gain of the crystals so that both operate at approximately the same power level, completely unpolarized beams could be obtained.     

Characterization of different substrates for Raman spectroscopic imaging of eukaryotic cells

For Raman spectroscopic analyses of the cells and other biological samples, the choice of the right substrate material is very important to avoid loss of information in characteristic spectral features because of competing background signals. In the current study, Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize several potential Raman substrates. Raman vibrational bands of the substrate material are discussed. The surface topography is analyzed by atomic force microscopy, and the root mean square surface roughness values are reported. Biocompatibility of the substrates is tested with Hep G2 cells evaluating cellular morphology as well as live/dead staining. Calcium fluoride, silicon, fused silica, borofloat glass, and silicon nitride membranes support cell growth and adherence. Silicon, borofloat glass, and fused silica give rise to Raman signals in the region of interest. Calcium fluoride substrate (UV grade) is suitable for Raman spectroscopic investigation of living cells. Nickel foil is suitable substrate for Raman spectroscopic investigation but cellular adherence and viability depend on the quality of the foil. Silicon nitride membranes coated with nickel chrome is a suitable Raman substrate in closed microfluidic systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interpenetrated molecules: crown-ether and linear organic molecule supramolecular architectures

In this review, pseudorotaxanes and rotaxanes structured out of simple crown ethers and linear organic molecules with positively charged nitrogen centres (i.e., quaternary pyridinium groups, viologens like paraquat and also extended viologens, imidazolium groups, benzimidazolium groups, bis-benzimidazolium groups and their derivatives) are described. Some selected examples of such systems are assembled here with respect to their properties and applications.     

Redefining the transparency order

In this paper, we consider the multi-bit Differential Power Analysis (DPA) in the Hamming weight model. In this regard, we revisit the definition of Transparency Order (\(\mathsf {TO}\)) from the work of Prouff (FSE 2005) and find that the definition has certain limitations. Although this work has been quite well referred in the literature, surprisingly, these limitations remained unexplored for almost a decade. We analyse the definition from scratch, modify it and finally provide a definition with better insight that can theoretically capture DPA in Hamming weight model for hardware implementation with precharge logic. At the end, we confront the notion of (revised) transparency order with attack simulations in order to study to what extent the low transparency order of an s-box impacts the efficiency of a side channel attack against its processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a critical analysis is conducted (even considering the original notion of Prouff). It practically confirms that the transparency order is indeed related to the resistance of the s-box against side-channel attacks, but it also shows that it is not sufficient alone to directly achieve a satisfying level of security. Regarding this point, our conclusion is that the (revised) transparency order is a valuable criterion to consider when designing a cryptographic algorithm, and even if it does not preclude to also use classical countermeasures like masking or shuffling, it enables to improve their effectiveness.     

Waves on the surface of a falling power-law fluid film

Waves that occur at the surface of a falling film of thin power-law fluid on a vertical plane are investigated. Using the method of integral relations an evolution equation is derived for two types of waves equation which are possible under long wave approximation. This equation reveals the presence of both kinematic and dynamic wave processes which may either act together or singularly dominate the wave field depending on the order of different parameters. It is shown that, at a small flow rate, kinematic waves dominate the flow field and the energy is acquired from the mean flow during the interaction of the waves, while, for high flow rate, inertial waves dominate and the energy comes from the kinematic waves. It is also found that this exchange of energy between kinematic and inertial waves strongly depends on the power-law index n. Linear stability analysis predicts the contribution of different terms in the wave mechanism. Further, it is found that the surface tension plays a double role: for a kinematic wave process, it exerts dissipative effects so that a finite amplitude case may be established, but for a dynamic wave process it yields dispersion. Further, it is shown that the non-Newtonian character n plays a vital role in controlling the role of the term that contains surface tension in the above processes.     

FeCl3 catalysed two consecutive aminomethylation at the α-position of the β-dicarbonyl compounds: an easy access to hexahydropyrimidines and its spiro analogues

Multicomponent synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-hexahydropyrimidines by a one-pot reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, amines and formaldehyde catalysed by FeCl₃ in dichloromethane at room temperature (25-30 °C) has been reported. Double amino methylation occurs at the α-position of the 1,3-dicabonyl compounds/β-keto esters. The same methodology leads to spiro compounds with indane-1,3-dione. In this reaction, six molecules condense in one pot to form six new covalent bonds, thus, creating high atom economy. This is the first report of the synthesis of the substituted hexahydropyrimidines involving β-keto esters and its spiro analogues with indane-1,3-dione.     

Geometry and quadratic nonlinearity of charge transfer complexes in solution using depolarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering

We report large quadratic nonlinearity in a series of 1:1 molecular complexes between methyl substituted benzene donors and quinone acceptors in solution. The first hyperpolarizability, β(HRS), which is very small for the individual components, becomes large by intermolecular charge transfer (CT) interaction between the donor and the acceptor in the complex. In addition, we have investigated the geometry of these CT complexes in solution using polarization resolved hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). Using linearly (electric field vector along X direction) and circularly polarized incident light, respectively, we have measured two macroscopic depolarization ratios D=I(2ω,X,X)/I(2ω,Z,X) and D(')=I(2ω,X,C)/I(2ω,Z,C) in the laboratory fixed XYZ frame by detecting the second harmonic scattered light in a polarization resolved fashion. The experimentally obtained first hyperpolarizability, β(HRS), and the value of macroscopic depolarization ratios, D and D('), are then matched with the theoretically deduced values from single and double configuration interaction calculations performed using the Zerner's intermediate neglect of differential overlap self-consistent reaction field technique. In solution, since several geometries are possible, we have carried out calculations by rotating the acceptor moiety around three different axes keeping the donor molecule fixed at an optimized geometry. These rotations give us the theoretical β(HRS), D and D(') values as a function of the geometry of the complex. The calculated β(HRS), D, and D(') values that closely match with the experimental values, give the dominant equilibrium geometry in solution. All the CT complexes between methyl benzenes and chloranil or 1,2-dichloro-4,5-dicyano-p-benzoquinone investigated here are found to have a slipped parallel stacking of the donors and the acceptors. Furthermore, the geometries are staggered and in some pairs, a twist angle as high as 30° is observed. Thus, we have demonstrated in this paper that the polarization resolved HRS technique along with theoretical calculations can unravel the geometry of CT complexes in solution.