Analog of Formula of Total Probability for Quantum Observables Represented by Positive Operator Valued Measures

We represent Born’s rule as an analog of the formula of total probability (FTP): the classical formula is perturbed by an additive interference term. In this note we consider practically the most general case: generalized quantum observables given by positive operator valued measures and measurement feedback on states described by atomic instruments. This representation of Born’s rule clarifies the probabilistic structure of quantum mechanics (QM). The probabilistic counterpart of QM can be treated as the probability update machinery based on the special generalization of classical FTP. This is the essence of the Växjö interpretation of QM: statistical realist contextual and local interpretation. We analyze the origin of the additional interference term in quantum FTP by considering the contextual structure of the two slit experiment which was emphasized by R. Feynman.     

3,5‐Di­fluoro‐4‐nitro­pyridine N‐oxide and 3,5‐di­amino‐4‐nitro­pyridine N‐oxide monohydrate

The mol­ecule of 3,5‐di­fluoro‐4‐nitro­pyridine N‐oxide, C₅H₂F₂N₂O₃, is twisted around the C—NO₂ bond by 38.5 (1)°, while the 3,5‐di­amino analogue, 3,5‐di­amino‐4‐nitro­pyridine N‐oxide monohydrate, C₅H₆N₄O₃·H₂O, adopts a planar conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds, with a significant redistribution of π electrons.     

Defining the nucleotide binding sites of P2Y receptors using rhodopsin-based homology modeling

Ongoing efforts to model P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides, i.e., endogenous ADP, ATP, UDP, UTP, and UDP-glucose, were summarized and correlated for the eight known subtypes. The rhodopsin-based homology modeling of the P2Y receptors is supported by a growing body of site-directed mutagenesis data, mainly for P2Y₁ receptors. By comparing molecular models of the P2Y receptors, it was concluded that nucleotide binding could occur in the upper part of the helical bundle, with the ribose moiety accommodated between transmembrane domain (TM) 3 and TM7. The nucleobase was oriented towards TM1, TM2, and TM7, in the direction of the extracellular side of the receptor. The phosphate chain was oriented towards TM6, in the direction of the extracellular loops (ELs), and was coordinated by three critical cationic residues. In particular, in the P2Y₁, P2Y₂, P2Y₄, and P2Y₆ receptors the nucleotide ligands had very similar positions. ADP in the P2Y₁₂ receptor was located deeper inside the receptor in comparison to other subtypes, and the uridine moiety of UDP-glucose in the P2Y₁₄ receptor was located even deeper and shifted toward TM7. In general, these findings are in agreement with the proposed binding site of small molecules to other class A GPCRs.     

Signatures of beta-sheet secondary structures in linear and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

Using idealized models for parallel and antiparallel beta sheets, we calculate the linear and two-dimensional infrared spectra of the amide I vibration as a function of size and secondary structure. The model assumes transition-dipole coupling between the amide I oscillators in the sheet and accounts for the anharmonic nature of these oscillators. Using analytical and numerical methods, we show that the nature of the one-quantum vibrational eigenstates, which govern the linear spectrum, is, to a large extent, determined by the symmetry of the system and the relative magnitude of interstrand interactions. We also find that the eigenstates, in particular their trends with system size, depend sensitively on the secondary structure of the sheet. While in practice these differences may be difficult to distinguish in congested linear spectra, we demonstrate that they give rise to promising markers for secondary structure in the two-dimensional spectra. In particular, distinct differences occur between the spectra of parallel and antiparallel beta sheets and between beta hairpins and extended beta sheets.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Cr(VI) Reduction in a Water Cathode Induced by Atmospheric Pressure DC Discharge in Air

The process of reduction of Cr⁶⁺ ions (solution of potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇) in a water cathode was studied during a DC discharge in air. The concentration range of Cr⁶⁺ was (5.7–19) ×10^?5 mol/l and discharge current range was 20–80 mA. Cr⁶⁺ ions were shown to be reversibly reduced under a discharge action. The equilibrium degree of reduction increased with increasing initial concentration of the solution at fixed discharge current. At fixed initial concentration the reduction degree increased with increasing discharge current. The reduction degrees so obtained were 0.34–0.84. A kinetic scheme of the processes taking place in a solution was proposed. The calculated data obtained as a result of application of this scheme described well the experimental results on Cr⁶⁺ kinetics. The main processes of Cr⁶⁺ reduction and Cr³⁺ oxidation were revealed. HO ₂ ^· radicals and hydrogen peroxide were shown to be responsible for Cr⁶⁺ reduction whereas ^·OH radicals and O₂ molecules provide the reverse process of Cr³⁺ oxidation to Cr⁶⁺. The mechanism of action of phenol additives improving the process efficiency is discussed. The efficiency of phenol action as a radical scavenger was shown to be determined with its mass-transfer to the reaction area rather than chemical reaction rate.     

H2O‐Catalyzed Route to Early Lanthanide Tribromide THF and DME Solvates from Oxides

A convenient one‐pot synthetic protocol towards THF and DME solvates of lanthanum and other early lanthanide tribromides was developed using the water‐catalyzed reaction of lanthanide(III) oxides with highly reactive Me₃SiBr in situ formed from commercially available disilane Si₂Me₆ and Br₂. This practical route allows to obtain the target lanthanum tribromide solvates [LaBr₃(thf)₄] ( 1a ) and [LaBr₃(dme)₂]₂ ( 1b ) as well as analogous early lanthanide molecular tribromide solvates [NdBr₃(thf)₄] ( 2a ), [NdBr₃(dme)₂] ( 2b ), [SmBr₃(thf)₂] ( 3a ), and [SmBr₃(dme)₂] ( 3b ) difficult to prepare by other solution‐based procedures. The molecular structure of 1b· 2CH₂Cl₂ was determined by an XRD study.     

Application of affinity capillary electrophoresis for charge heterogeneity profiling of biopharmaceuticals

Charge heterogeneity profiling is important for the quality control (QC) of biopharmaceuticals. Because of the increasing complexity of these therapeutic entities [1], the development of alternative analytical techniques is needed. In this work, flow‐through partial‐filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (FTPFACE) has been established as a method for the analysis of a mixture of two similar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The addition of a specific ligand results in the complexation of one mAb in the co‐formulation, thus changing its migration time in the electric field. This allows the characterization of the charged variants of the non‐shifted mAb without interferences. Adsorption of proteins to the inner capillary wall has been circumvented by rinsing with guanidine hydrochloride before each injection. The presented FTPFACE approach requires only very small amounts of ligands and provides complete comparability with a standard CZE of a single mAb.     

Physical,Thermal and Biological Properties of Yellow Dyes with Two Azodiphenylether Groups of Anthracene

Two yellow bis-azo dyes containing anthracene and two azodiphenylether groups (BPA and BTA) were prepared, and an extensive investigation of their physical, thermal and biological properties was carried out. The chemical structure was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, while from the UV–Vis spectra, the quantum efficiency of the laser fluorescence at the 476.5 nm was determined to be 0.33 (BPA) and 0.50 (BTA). The possible transitions between the energy levels of the electrons of the chemical elements were established, identifying the energies and the electronic configurations of the levels of transition. Both crystals are anisotropic, the optical phenomenon of double refraction of polarized light (birefringence) taking place. Images of maximum illumination and extinction were recorded when the crystals of the bis-azo compounds rotated by 90° each, which confirms their birefringence. A morphologic study of the thin films deposited onto glass surfaces was performed, proving the good adhesion of both dyes. By thermal analysis and calorimetry, the melting temperatures were determined (~224–225 °C for both of them), as well as their decomposition pathways and thermal effects (enthalpy variations during undergoing processes); thus, good thermal stability was exhibited. The interaction of the two compounds with collagen in the suede was studied, as well as their antioxidant activity, advocating for good chemical stability and potential to be safely used as coloring agents in the food industry.