AsH3 ultraviolet photochemistry: an ab initio view

Multireference configuration interaction calculations have been carried out for low-lying electronic states of AsH(3). Bending potentials for the nine lowest states of AsH(3) are obtained in C(3v) symmetry for As-H distances fixed at the ground state equilibrium value of 2.850 a(0), as well as for the minimum energy path constrained to R(1) = R(2) = R(3). The calculated equilibrium geometry and bond energy for the X (1)A(1) ground state agree very well with the previous experimental and theoretical data. It is shown that the lowest excited singlet state belongs to the (1)A(1) symmetry (in C(3v)), in contradiction to the previous calculations. This state is characterized by a planar equilibrium geometry. Asymmetric stretch potential energy surface (PES) cuts along the H(2)As-H recoil coordinate (at R(1) = R(2) = 2.850 a(0), θ = 123.9° and 90°) for numerous excited states and two-dimensional PESs for the X and ? states up to the dissociation limits are obtained for the first time. The ? (1)A(1), B(1)E-X (1)A(1) transition moments are calculated as well and used together with the PES data for the analysis of possible photodecay channels of arsine in its first absorption band.     

Ab initio study of the KrH+ photodissociation

The multireference spin-orbit configuration interaction method is employed to calculate potential energy curves for the ground and low-lying excited states of the KrH(+) cation. For the first time, the spin-orbit interaction is taken into account and electric dipole moments are computed for transitions to the states responsible for the first absorption continuum (A band) of KrH(+). On this basis, the partial and total absorption spectra in this energy range are obtained. It is shown that the A-band absorption is dominated by the parallel A (1)Sigma(+)<--X (1)Sigma(+) transition. In the low-energy part of the band (<83x10(3) cm(-1)) the absorption is mainly caused by the spin-forbidden b (3)Pi(0(+) )<--X (1)Sigma(+) excitation, while perpendicular transitions to the B (1)Pi and b (3)Pi(1) states are significantly weaker. The branching ratio Gamma for the photodissociation products is calculated and it is shown to increase smoothly from 0 in the red tail of the band to 1 at E>or=90x10(3) cm(-1). The latter value corresponds to the exclusive formation of the spin-excited Kr(+)((2)P(12)) ions, which may be used to obtain laser generation on the Kr(+)((2)P(12)-(2)P(32)) transition.     

Mechanochemical and Size Reduction Machines for Biorefining

In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the application of mechanochemical methods for processing materials in biomass refining techniques. Grinding and mechanical pretreatment are very popular methods utilized to enhance the reactivity of polymers and plant raw materials; however, the choice of devices and their modes of action is often performed through trial and error. An inadequate choice of equipment often results in inefficient grinding, low reactivity of the product, excess energy expenditure, and significant wear of the equipment. In the present review, modern equipment employing various types of mechanical impacts, which show the highest promise for mechanochemical pretreatment of plant raw materials, is examined and compared—disc mills, attritors and bead mills, ball mills, planetary mills, vibration and vibrocentrifugal mills, roller and centrifugal roller mills, extruders, hammer mills, knife mills, pin mills, disintegrators, and jet mills. The properly chosen type of mechanochemical activation (and equipment) allows an energetically and economically sound enhancement of the reactivity of solid-phase polymers by increasing the effective surface area accessible to reagents, reducing the amount of crystalline regions and the diffusion coefficient, disordering the supramolecular structure of the material, and mechanochemically reacting with the target substances.     

Experimental study of electron density distribution in crystals of antimony(V) dicarboxylate complexes

Structural Chemistry - The molecular structure and charge density distribution in the crystals of triphenylantimony bis[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate] [Ph3Sb(O2CCH=CHPh)2] and triphenylantimony...     

One-step synthesis of pentavalent triphenylantimony derivatives Ph3Sb(OSiR3)2, Ph3Sb(OCH2CH2)2NH and Ph3Sb(OCH2CH2NMe2)2: X-ray molecular structure of Ph3Sb(OSiMe3)2

Pentavalent bis(triorganosiloxy)triphenylantimony derivatives, Ph₃Sb(OSiR₃)₂ (R = Me, Ph), were synthesized by reaction of triphenylantimony with trimethyl- or triphenylsilanol in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide by the mild reaction conditions (0-5 °C, 2 h). The reaction of triphenylantimony with diethanolamine in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide gave the cyclic compound Ph₃Sb(OCH₂CH₂)₂NH. The mixture of Ph₃SbO and Ph₃Sb(OCH₂CH₂NMe₂)₂ was obtained by the reaction of triphenylantimony with 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethanol in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide.     

Ion mobility spectrometry—mass spectrometry performance using electrodynamic ion funnels and elevated drift gas pressures

The ability of ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to characterize biological mixtures has been illustrated over the past eight years. However, the challenges posed by the extreme complexity of many biological samples have demonstrated the need for higher resolution IMS-MS measurements. We have developed a higher resolution ESI-IMS-TOF MS by utilizing high-pressure electrodynamic ion funnels at both ends of the IMS drift cell and operating the drift cell at an elevated pressure compared with that conventionally used. The ESI-IMS-TOF MS instrument consists of an ESI source, an hourglass ion funnel used for ion accumulation/injection into an 88 cm drift cell, followed by a 10 cm ion funnel and a commercial orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer providing high mass measurement accuracy. It was found that the rear ion funnel could be effectively operated as an extension of the drift cell when the DC fields were matched, providing an effective drift region of 98 cm. The resolution of the instrument was evaluated at pressures ranging from 4 to 12 torr and ion mobility drift voltages of 16 V/cm (4 torr) to 43 V/cm (12 torr). An increase in resolution from 55 to 80 was observed from 4 to 12 torr nitrogen drift gas with no significant loss in sensitivity. The choice of drift gas was also shown to influence the degree of ion heating and relative trapping efficiency within the ion funnel.     

Novel Green Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzothiazoles Under Microwave Irradiation in Peg 200 Or Peg 400

An improved green procedure for the synthesis of 2-aryl- and 2-hetarylbenzothiazoles by condensation of equivalent amounts of 2,2′-diaminodiphenyldisulfides or 2-aminothiophenols and various aromatic aldehydes in PEG 200/400 under microwave irradiation has been developed. This method allows the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles in high yields and with high purity regardless of the state of the starting compounds (liquid or solid) or the nature of the substituents in the aromatic ring.