不做不知道,一做吓一跳——以“观察水的沸腾实验”为例谈学生实验规范的养成

物理学是以实验为基础的自然科学,而物理实验对于建立物理基本概念和理论及加强对基本概念和基本理论的理解有着不可取代的作用.因此,加强学生实验教学显得尤为重要,但实验教学能否成功,规范的操作又是关键.     

一种折反式光学系统的消杂光设计

针对一种折反式光学系统相机遇到的消杂光问题,根据杂光计算结果对相机进行了消杂光设计,通过试验对杂光计算结果进行了验证,试验结果与计算结果吻合,验证了消杂光设计的正确性。进行消杂光设计后,相机的杂光系数满足设计指标要求,有效地减小了杂光对图像质量的影响。     

Adaptive local routing strategy on a scale-free network

Due to the heterogeneity of the structure on a scale-free network, making the betweennesses of all nodes become homogeneous by reassigning the weights of nodes or edges is very difficult. In order to take advantage of the important effect of high degree nodes on the shortest path communication and preferentially deliver packets by them to increase the probability to destination, an adaptive local routing strategy on a scale-free network is proposed, in which the node adjusts the forwarding probability with the dynamical traffic load (packet queue length) and the degree distribution of neighbouring nodes. The critical queue length of a node is set to be proportional to its degree, and the node with high degree has a larger critical queue length to store and forward more packets. When the queue length of a high degree node is shorter than its critical queue length, it has a higher probability to forward packets. After higher degree nodes are saturated (whose queue lengths are longer than their critical queue lengths), more packets will be delivered by the lower degree nodes around them. The adaptive local routing strategy increases the probability of a packet finding its destination quickly, and improves the transmission capacity on the scale-free network by reducing routing hops. The simulation results show that the transmission capacity of the adaptive local routing strategy is larger than that of three previous local routing strategies.     

On Estimation of Fully Entangled Fraction

We study the fully entangled fraction （FEF） of arbitrary mixed states. New upper bounds of FEF are derived. These upper bounds make complements on the estimation of the value of FEF. For weakly mixed quantum states, an upper bound is shown to be very tight to the exact value of FEF.     

Concurrence, tangle and fully entangled fraction

We show that although we cannot distil a singlet from many pairs of bound entangled states, the concurrence and the tangle of two entangled quantum states are always strictly larger than those of one of them, even both entangled quantum states are bound entangled. We present a relation between the concurrence and the fidelity of optimal teleportation. We also give new upper and lower bounds for concurrence and tangle.     

催化的外消旋环氧化合物不对称开环

用较易得到的(R,R)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺(DPEDA)与2-羟基-5-甲基-3-叔丁基苯甲醛缩合,得到手性Salen,再与Co络合,氧化后得到Salen型手性催化剂(R,R)-2.(R,R)-2可催化外消旋环氧化物的动力学水解拆分,所得手性二醇和手性环氧化合物对映体过量最高分别可达99%和92%.     

具有非对称中心结构的硼酸盐Bi2ZnB2O7的合成、晶体结构和光学性质

具有非对称中心结构的硼酸盐Bi2ZnB2O7由固相反应法在低于700℃下制备得到.X射线单晶结构分析表明,该化合物以正交空间群Pba2结晶,晶体学参数为:a=1.0819(2)nm,b=1.1023(2)nm,c=0.4890(1)nm,Z=4.其晶体结构中包含分别由[BO3]3-和[BO4]5-组成的[B2O5]4-和[B2O7]8-基团,它们被[ZnO4]四面体通过共用O原子的方式连接成二维2∞[ZnB2O7]6-层,这些层由Bi3+离子进一步结合形成三维网.红外光谱证实了[BO3]3-和[BO4]5-基团的存在,粉末倍频效应测试表明,其强度为KDP(KH2PO4)的4倍,UV漫反射光谱表明该物质吸收边约为360 nm.     

轮古常渣及其组分中金属钒卟啉的分离与鉴定

采用改进的溶剂萃取方法对轮古常渣及其组分中的金属钒卟啉进行分离。结果表明,从轮古常渣中分离出的卟啉钒的质量分数为18.5%,从轮古常渣正庚烷可溶质和沥青质中分离出的卟啉钒的质量分数分别为68.0%和9.2%。用紫外-可见光谱对萃取出来的金属钒卟啉和甲磺酸脱金属后得到的游离卟啉进行表征。结果表明,轮古常渣及其正庚烷可溶质和沥青质中的金属钒卟啉主要是初卟啉。对轮古常渣中的游离卟啉进行基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析证明,轮古常渣中的金属钒卟啉主要是初卟啉。     

几种外消旋环氧化合物的水解动力学拆分

2 羟基 3 叔丁基 5 甲基苯甲醛 (5 )与 (S ,S) 1 ,2 二苯基乙二胺 ((S,S) 1 1 )缩合 ,得手性Salen 1 2 ,再与Co(OAc) 2 ·4H2 O反应得钴络合物 1 3 ,后者经氧化制得Salen型手性催化剂 (S ,S) 2。几种外消旋环氧化合物用 (S ,S) 2催化水解进行动力学拆分 ,同时得到光学活性环氧化合物和二醇 ,对映体过量最高达 61 6%。根据分子力学对催化剂构象优化的结果讨论了催化剂结构对其催化效率和选择性的影响     

水在电场、磁场作用下物理性质变化及其影响

 电场、磁场处理水的研究和应用已有几十年的历史。国内外许多学者对电场、磁场处理水的物理性质做过反复的对比实验,取得了大量有价值的数据和结论。目前世界上很多国家都感到了水资源的宝贵和环境保护的重要。在新的世纪开始的时候,总结并进一步开展这项研究工作,对于保护环境及充分和科学地利用水资源是非常必要的。一、磁场作用下水的物理性质变化及其影响经磁场处理的水,水的渗透压、表面张力、粘滞系数、ｐＨ值、介电常数和电导率等均有不同程度的变化。而且一般水溶液的变化比纯水要大一些。磁场处理水对盐的溶解度有所增大;某些气体（如Ｏ２和ＣＯ２）在磁场处理水中的溶解度也增大。