High speed injection molding of high density polyethylene �� Effects of injection speed on structure and properties

Thin wall samples of high density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared via injection molding with different injection speeds ranging from 100 mm/s to 1200 mm/s. A significant decrease in the tensile strength and Young??s modulus was observed with increasing injection speed. In order to investigate the mechanism behind this decrease, the orientation, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melt flow rate, crystallinity and crystal morphology of HDPE were characterized using two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2D-WAXD), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), capillary rheometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. It is demonstrated that the orientation, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melt flow rate and crystallinity have no obvious change with increasing injection speed. Nevertheless, the content of extended chain crystals or large folded chain crystals was found to decrease with increasing injection speed. Therefore, it is concluded that the decrease in tensile properties is mainly contributed by the reduced content of extended chain crystals or large folded chain crystals. This study provides industry with valuable information for the application of high speed injection molding.     

Cyclopalladated Ferrocenylimine Catalyzed Chlorination of 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles

An efficient and facile protocol for palladacycle‐catalyzed chlorination of 2‐arylbenzoxazoles was developed. The results represent the first examples involving the palladacycle as the catalyst for such chlorination. This chlorination was not a ligand‐directed ortho‐C H activation, but an electrophilic substitution process at the para‐position of the nitrogen atom in the benzo ring of benzoxazole moiety, the regiochemistry of which had been confirmed by HMBC spectral analysis. The catalytic system could tolerate various halogen atoms, such as F, Cl and Br, affording the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Electrostatic effects on (di)terpene synthase product outcome

Terpene synthases catalyze complex reactions, often forming multiple chiral centers in cyclized olefin products from acyclic allylic diphosphate precursors, yet have been suggested to largely control their reactions via steric effects, serving as templates. However, recent results highlight electrostatic effects also exerted by these enzymes. Perhaps not surprisingly, the pyrophosphate co-product released in the initiating and rate-limiting chemical step provides an obvious counter-ion that may steer carbocation migration towards itself. This is emphasized by the striking effects of a recently uncovered single residue switch for diterpene synthase product outcome, whereby substitution of hydroxyl residues for particular aliphatic residues has been shown to be sufficient to "short-circuit" complex cyclization and/or rearrangement reactions, with the converse change further found to be sufficient to increase reaction complexity. The mechanistic hypothesis for the observed effects is hydroxyl dipole stabilization of the specific carbocation formed by initial cyclization, enabling deprotonation of this early intermediate, whereas the lack of such stabilization (i.e. in the presence of an aliphatic side chain) leads to carbocation migration towards the pyrophosphate co-product, resulting in a more complex reaction. This is further consistent with the greater synergy exhibited between pyrophosphate and aza-analogs of late, relative to early, stage carbocation intermediates, and crystallographic analysis of the monoterpene cyclase bornyl diphosphate synthase wherein mechanistically non-relevant counter-ion pairing between aza-analogs of early stage carbocation intermediates and pyrophosphate is observed. Thus, (di)terpene synthases seem to mediate specific reaction outcomes, at least in part, by providing electrostatic effects to counteract those exerted by the pyrophosphate co-product.     

Crystalline ZnO thin film by hydrothermal growth

In this work, we have successfully synthesised ZnO crystal thin film with a high quality from hydrothermal reaction on sapphire substrate. The growth mechanism is clarified based on an extensive XTEM study. In addition, electrical and optical properties of the crystal thin film, which can be controlled by impurities, are characterized. The synthesis technique provides fairly high quality and cost-effective substrates for optoelectronic and renewable energy applications.     

Peptide-tailored assembling of Au nanorods

By investigating the influence of peptides on the assembling process of Au nanorods induced by 4-mercaptopyridine, two kinds of peptides were identified. The nature of peptides plays an important role in tailoring assembling, which makes potential peptide recognition and detection possible.     

The Grassmannian of affine subspaces

Foundations of Computational Mathematics - The Grassmannian of affine subspaces is a natural generalization of both the Euclidean space, points being 0-dimensional affine subspaces, and the usual...     

Development of X-Band TE111 Mode ESR Cavity for In Vivo Tooth Dosimetry

Electron spin resonance (ESR) tooth spectroscopy offers the possibility of in vivo dosimetry for radiation accident emergency. We developed an X-band ESR cavity for in vivo measurement of tooth enamel, which is a cylindrical cavity working at TE₁₁₁ mode. A narrow rectangular aperture to fix incisors was opened on the cavity wall, where there were strong microwave magnetic field component H₁ and weak microwave electronic field component E₁ inside the cavity. The external modulated magnetic field was applied to the incisors from both sides of the aperture. Theoretical calculations and simulations were discussed to optimize the characteristics and predict the cavity working conditions and performances. The characteristics were evaluated by measuring DPPH and whole incisor samples. Remarkable radiation induced signal of 2Gy irradiated tooth could be obtained by one 5-min ESR spectroscopy. This result indicated that the cavity was sensitive enough to detect the radiation-induced signal in human teeth. This paper describes the operation principle, configuration, and characteristics, and reports the DPPH and tooth experiments to verify the cavity.     

EADC Values in Diagnosis of Renal Lesions by 3.0 T Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Compared with the ADC Values

Exponential apparent diffusion coefficient (EADC) is an indicator of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and reflects the pathological changes of tissues quantitatively. However, no study has been investigated in the space-occupying kidney disease using EADC values. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic role of EADC values at a high magnetic field strength (3.0 T) in kidney neoplastic lesions, compared with that of the ADC values. Ninety patients with suspected renal tumors (including 101 suspected renal lesions) and 20 healthy volunteers were performed MRI scanning. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed with a single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) sequence at a diffusion gradient of b = 500 s/mm². We found renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be distinguished from angiomyolipoma, and clear cell carcinoma can be distinguished from non-clear cell carcinoma by EADC value. There was significant difference in overall EADC values between renal cell carcinoma (0.150 ± 0.059) and angiomyolipoma (0.270 ± 0.108) when b value was 500 s/mm². When receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was higher than 0.192, the sensitivity and specificity of EADC value of renal cell carcinoma were 84.6 and 81.1 %, respectively. In conclusion, EADC map shows the internal structure of the kidney tumor more intuitively than the ADC map dose, and is also in line with the observation habits of the clinicians. EADC can be used as an effective imaging method for tumor diagnosis.     

漫谈第二类Weyl半金属

近日,清华大学物理系研究人员及合作者在Weyl半金属研究中取得新进展：首次在实验上观测到第二类Weyl半金属(MoTe₂)上的拓扑费米弧,在真实材料中证实了破坏洛伦兹不变性的第二类Weyl 费米子的存在。相关文章于2016 年9 月6 日在NaturePhysics 上发表。这是继去年第一类Weyl费米子得到证实之后凝聚态物理研究上的又一重大突破。什么是第二类Weyl费米子？它与第一类Weyl费米子有何区别？作者通过本文来做一个简单的介绍。