Empirical relationship among wavelength, reflectance, and concentration of suspended particulate matter in water based on a laboratory experiment

A laboratory experiment was designed to collect the spectral reflectance of water containing suspended particulate matter (SPM) in terms of its concentration. By performing surface-fitting analysis, an empirical relationship among the wavelength, reflectance, and concentration of SPM in water was obtained. The results showed that a linear effect of the spectral wavelength on spectral reflectance with increasing concentration of SPM in water, and the relationship between the reflectance and concentration of SPM in water is quadratic. Hyperspectral remote sensing is expected to play an important role in estimating the concentration of SPM in water.     

基于光压原理的大功率激光功率测量北大核心CSCD

大功率激光功率测量常用量热法,但溯源复杂。介绍了具有较高测量精度的基于光压原理的大功率激光功率测量方法,设计了利用1/10^(5)精度天平大功率激光测量实验,测试了基于GaAs半导体材料制作的反射镜的反射率及损伤阈值,确定了基于GaAs半导体材料反射镜的相关性能。得到了普通实验室条件下的功率测量重复性及线性,验证了1/10^(5)精度天平用于大功率激光测量的可行性。通过实验结果结合理论计算,得出利用1/10^(5)精度天平的光压测量功率的测量上限可以达到3×10^(4)W以上。     

Manifold dynamic non-covalent interactions for steering molecular assembly and cyclization

Deciphering rich non-covalent interactions that govern many chemical and biological processes is crucial for the design of drugs and controlling molecular assemblies and their chemical transformations. However, real-space characterization of these weak interactions in complex molecular architectures at the single bond level has been a longstanding challenge. Here, we employed bond-resolved scanning probe microscopy combined with an exhaustive structural search algorithm and quantum chemistry calculations to elucidate multiple non-covalent interactions that control the cohesive molecular clustering of well-designed precursor molecules and their chemical reactions. The presence of two flexible bromo-triphenyl moieties in the precursor leads to the assembly of distinct non-planar dimer and trimer clusters by manifold non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, C–H⋯π and lone pair⋯π interactions. The dynamic nature of weak interactions allows for transforming dimers into energetically more favourable trimers as molecular density increases. The formation of trimers also facilitates thermally-triggered intermolecular Ullmann coupling reactions, while the disassembly of dimers favours intramolecular cyclization, as evidenced by bond-resolved imaging of metalorganic intermediates and final products. The richness of manifold non-covalent interactions offers unprecedented opportunities for controlling the assembly of complex molecular architectures and steering on-surface synthesis of quantum nanostructures.

A real-space characterization of dynamic non-covalent interactions in molecular assemblies and chemical reactions at the atomic bond level.     

高倍率锂离子电池负极材料:氮掺杂碳纳米笼

锂离子电池具有能量密度高和循环性好等优点, 广泛应用于小型移动设备等领域, 但尚不能满足需要兼具高容量和高倍率性能的应用要求. 以兼具高比表面积、氮含量高且可调、良好石墨化程度、多尺度分级结构(含孔结构)、有微孔通道的寡层笼壁结构等特征的氮掺杂碳纳米笼(NCNC)为锂离子电池负极材料, 展现出高的比容量、优异的倍率性能和稳定性, 譬如: 在0.1 A·g^-1小电流密度下, NCNC800的循环稳定的充电比容量可以高达约900 mAh·g^-1, 显著优于商业石墨; 在20.0 A·g^-1大电流密度下, 循环500圈后的可逆比容量仍能稳定在约135 mAh·g^-1. 如此优异的电化学性能可归因于NCNC的结构特征, 如高比表面积、良好石墨化程度、独特介观结构和孔结构, 这些特征有利于锂离子传输、电解液渗透和电子传导等. 这为开发高倍率和高比容量的锂离子电池负极材料提供思路.     

Clustering in the Three and Four Color Cyclic Particle Systems in One Dimension

We study the \(\kappa \)-color cyclic particle system on the one-dimensional integer lattice \(\mathbb {Z}\), first introduced by Bramson and Griffeath (Ann Prob:26–45, 1989). In that paper they show that almost surely, every site changes its color infinitely often if \(\kappa \in \{3,4\}\) and only finitely many times if \(\kappa \ge 5\). In addition, they conjecture that for \(\kappa \in \{3,4\}\) the system clusters, that is, for any pair of sites x, y, with probability tending to 1 as \(t\rightarrow \infty \), x and y have the same color at time t. Here we prove that conjecture.     

Role of oxygen functional groups for structure and dynamics of interfacial water on low rank coal surface: a molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the effects of oxygen functional groups for structure and dynamics properties of interfacial water molecules on the subbituminous coal surface. Because of complex composition and structure, the graphite surface modified by hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl groups was used to represent the surface model of subbituminous coal according to XPS results, and the composing proportion for hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl is 25:3:5. The hydration energy with ?386.28 kJ/mol means that the adsorption process between water and coal surface is spontaneous. Density profiles for oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms indicate that the coal surface properties affect the structural and dynamic characteristics of the interfacial water molecules. The interfacial water exhibits much more ordering than bulk water. The results of radial distribution functions, mean square displacement and local self-diffusion coefficient for water molecule related to three oxygen moieties confirmed that the water molecules prefer to absorb with carboxylic groups, and adsorption of water molecules at the hydroxyl and carbonyl is similar.     

不同类型偶氮材料光致双折射的温度特性研究

在不同温度下,分别测量了掺杂偶氮材料、偶氮聚合物和偶氮液晶聚合物的光致双折射行为,并利用双e指数模型对光致双折射的动力学过程进行了拟合.实验结果表明,偶氮材料的光致双折射源于偶氮分子的光致异构和光致分子取向,光致双折射大小随温度的升高表现出先增大后减小的趋势.在抽运光的作用下,含偶氮材料的光致双折射包含一个由偶氮分子取向引起的快过程和一个由偶氮分子带动大分子取向引起的慢过程.关闭抽运光后,掺杂偶氮材料和偶氮聚合物表现为可逆的弛豫,而偶氮液晶聚合物则展现出长久光存储特性.     

Free-base porphyrin polymer for bifunctional electrochemical water splitting

Water splitting is considered a promising approach for renewable and sustainable energy conversion. The development of water splitting electrocatalysts that have low-cost, long-lifetime, and high-performance is an important area of research for the sustainable generation of hydrogen and oxygen gas. Here, we report a metal-free porphyrin-based two-dimensional crystalline covalent organic polymer obtained from the condensation of terephthaloyl chloride and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin which is stabilized by an extensive hydrogen bonding network. This material exhibits bifunctional electrocatalytic performance towards water splitting with onset overpotentials, η, of 36 mV and 110 mV for HER (in 0.5 M H₂SO₄) and OER (in 1.0 M KOH), respectively. The as-synthesized material is also able to perform water splitting in neutral phosphate buffer saline solution, with 294 mV for HER and 520 mV for OER, respectively. Characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry, the as-synthesized material also shows enhanced conductivity and stability compared to its molecular counterpart. Inserting a non-redox active zinc metal center in the porphyrin unit leads to a decrease in electrochemical activity towards both HER and OER, suggesting the four-nitrogen porphyrin core is the active site. The high performance of this metal-free material towards water splitting provides a sustainable alternative to the use of scarce and expensive metal electrocatalysts in energy conversion for industrial applications.

Water splitting is considered a promising approach for renewable and sustainable energy conversion.     

Protective Effect of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) Extract against UV- and AGEs-Induced Skin Aging via Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Collagen Degradation

Skin aging is a complex process involving photoaging and glycation stress, which share some fundamental pathways and have common mediators. They can cause skin damage and collagen degradation by inducing oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chenopodium formosanum (CF), also known as Djulis, is a traditional cereal in Taiwan. This study investigated the protection mechanisms of CF extract against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced stress. The results indicated that CF extract had strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. It could reduce UV-induced intracellular ROS generation and initiate the antioxidant defense system by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in human skin fibroblasts. CF extract modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transformed growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways to alleviate oxidative stress-induced skin aging. Moreover, the results revealed that CF extract not only promoted collagen synthesis but also improved aging-induced collagen degradation. CF extract attenuated AGEs-induced ROS production and the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE). The overall results suggest that CF extract provides an effective anti-aging strategy by preventing skin damage from oxidative stress and collagen loss with potent antioxidant, anti-photoaging, and antiglycation activities.     

分级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼:高倍率长寿命可充电镁电池正极材料

可充电镁电池成本低、安全性好,是非常有前景的下一代二次电池,其关键之一是开发高性能的正极材料.本工作首次利用分级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼(hNCNC)作为可充电镁电池的正极材料,展现出高放电比容量(71m Ah·g^-1@100m A·g^-1)、优异的倍率性能(60 mAh·g^-1@2000 mA·g^-1)和长循环稳定性(1000圈容量保留率83%@1000 mA·g^-1). hNCNC呈现电容行为主导的储镁机制,理论研究表明镁离子主要吸附在微孔边缘的碳原子、吡啶氮或吡咯氮等活性位点上.其优异储镁性能可归因于:(1) hNCNC的大比表面积(1590 m²·g^-1)、丰富微孔缺陷和高吡啶/吡咯氮含量(4.49 at.%)有效提升了储镁容量;(2) hNCNC的高导电性、多级孔道结构及N掺杂导致的高浸润性有利于电荷传输,降低了电池的等效串联电阻,从而改善了倍率性能;(3) hNCNC的稳定碳骨架结构及其表面吸附储镁机制使其具有优异的长循环稳定性...