Influences of hydration force and elastic strain energy on the stability of solid film in a very thin solid-on-liquid structure

Since hydration forces become very strong at short range and are particularly important for determining the magnitude of the adhesion between two surfaces or interaction energy, the influences of the hydration force and elastic strain energy due to hydration-induced layering of liquid molecules close to a solid film surface on the stability of a solid film in a solid-on-liquid (SOL) nanostructure are studied in this paper. The liquid of this thin SOL structure is a kind of water solution. Since the surface forces play an important role in the structure, the total free energy change of SOL structures consists of the changes in the bulk elastic energy within the solid film, the surface energy at the solid-liquid interface and the solid-air interface, and highly nonlinear volumetric component associated with interfacial forces. The critical wavelength of one-dimensional undulation, the critical thickness of the solid film, and the critical thickness of the liquid layer are studied, and the stability regions of the solid film have been determined. Emphasis is placed on calculation of critical values, which are the basis of analyzing the stability of the very thin solid film.     

Homolytic C-H and N-H bond dissociation energies of strained organic compounds

High-level computations at G3, CBS-Q, and G3B3 levels were conducted, and good-quality C-H and N-H bond dissociation energies (BDEs) were obtained for a variety of saturated and unsaturated strained hydrocarbons and amines for the first time. From detailed NBO analyses, we found that the C-H BDEs of hydrocarbons are determined mainly by the hybridization of the parent compound, the hybridization of the radical, and the extent of spin delocalization of the radical. The ring strain has a significant effect on the C-H BDE because it forces the parent compound and radical to adopt certain undesirable hybridization. A structure-activity relationship equation (i.e., BDE (C-H) = 61.1-227.8 (p(parent)% - 0.75)(2) + 152.9 (p(radical)% - 1.00)(2) + 40.4 spin) was established, and it can predict the C-H BDEs of a variety of saturated and unsaturated strained hydrocarbons fairly well. For the C-H BDEs associated with the bridgehead carbons of the highly rigid strained compounds, we found that the strength of the C-H bond can also be predicted from the H-C-C bond angles of the bridgehead carbon. Finally, we found that N-H BDEs show less dependence on the ring strain than C-H BDEs.     

Sorption of 241Am by Aspergillus nigerspore and hyphae

Biosorption of ²⁴¹Am by a fungus A. niger, including the spore and hyphae, was investigated. The preliminary results showed that the adsorption of ²⁴¹Am by the microorganism was efficient. More than 96% of the total ²⁴¹Am could be removed from ²⁴¹Am solutions of 5.6-111 MBq/l (C _o) by spore and hyphaeof A. niger, with adsorbed ²⁴¹Am metal (Q) of 7.2-142.4 MBq/g biomass, and 5.2-106.5 MBq/g, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was achieved within 1 hour and the optimum pH range was pH 1-3. No obvious effects on ²⁴¹Am adsorption by the fungus were observed at 10-45 °C, or in solutions containing Au³⁺ or Ag⁺, even 2000 times above the ²⁴¹Am concentration. The ²⁴¹Am biosorption by the fungus obeys the Freundlich adsorption equation. There was no significant difference between the adsorption behavior of A. nigerspore and hyphae. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of beta-hydrogen elimination from square planar iridium(I) alkoxide complexes with labile dative ligands

Mechanistic studies were conducted on beta-hydrogen elimination from complexes of the general formula [Ir(CO)(PPh(3))(2)(OR)], which are square planar alkoxo complexes with labile ligands. The dependence of rate, isotope effect, and alkoxide racemization on phosphine concentration revealed unusually detailed information on the reaction pathway. The alkoxo complexes were remarkably stable, including those with a variety of electronically and sterically distinct groups at the beta-carbon. These complexes were much more stable than the corresponding alkyl complexes. Thermolysis of these complexes in the presence of PPh(3) yielded the iridium hydride [Ir(CO)(PPh(3))(3)H] and the corresponding aldehyde or ketone with rate constants that were affected little by the groups at the beta-carbon. The reactions were first order in iridium complexes. At low [PPh(3)], the reaction rate was nearly zero order in PPh(3), but reactions at high [PPh(3)] revealed an inverse dependence of reaction rate on PPh(3). The rate constants were similar in toluene, THF, and chlorobenzene. The y-intercept of a 1/k(obs) vs [PPh(3)] plot displayed a primary isotope effect, indicating that the y-intercept did not simply correspond to phosphine dissociation. These data and a dependence of alkoxide racemization on [PPh(3)] showed that the elementary beta-hydrogen elimination step was reversible. A mechanism involving reversible beta-hydrogen elimination followed by associative displacement of the coordinated ketone or aldehyde by PPh(3) was consistent with all of our data. This mechanism stands in contrast with the pathways proposed recently for alkoxide beta-hydrogen elimination involving direct elimination, protic catalysts, or binuclear mechanisms and shows that alkoxide elimination can follow pathways similar to those for beta-hydrogen elimination from alkyl complexes.     

钙与 DBC-偶氮氯膦显色反应的研究及其在高纯氧化钇中钙的测定的应用

在PH8.5-9的液中,钙可与DBC-偶氮氯膦形成一种紫色的稳定配合物。该配合物在625nm处有最大吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.6×10~4L.mol~(-1).cm~(-1),配合物组成为Ca:DBC-偶氮氯膦=1:1。在Zn-DTPA和乙二胺的存在下,较大量的Y~(3+)、Fe~(3+)及Cu~(2+)、Mo(Ⅵ)、Cr~(3+)等三十余种离子不干扰钙的测定。方法的选择性较好,利用本方法,并经简单萃取分离基体后,测定了高纯氧化钇和易切削钢中的微量钙,结果令人满意。标准加入试验回收率好。方法简便实用。     

Micranoic acids A and B: two new octanortriterpenoids from Schisandra micrantha

Two novel octanortriterpenoids, micranoic acids A (1) and B (2), along with three known compounds, kadsuric acid (3), 3beta-hydroxy-lanost-9(11),24(25)-dien-26-oic acid (4) and schizandronic acid (5), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra micrantha. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Micranoic acids A and B represent a new group of triterpenes in which the entire C-17 side chain has lost. This is the first report of octanortriterpenoids isolated from the family Schisandraceae.     

Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions of N-(benzylidene)polyfluoroanilines with methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile

Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions of N-(benzylidene)polyfluoroanilines 1 with methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile were studied. It was found that Lewis base, solvent and reaction temperature can significantly affect the reaction. Using 3-hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQD) as a Lewis base in the reactions of 1 with methyl acrylate in DMF, the normal aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts 3 were formed in moderate to excellent yields. For the reactions of 1 with acrylonitrile, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is the best Lewis base giving the corresponding aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts 4 as the sole product in good to moderate yield. However, upon treatment of 1 with acrolein 2c, the corresponding reaction did not occur even in the presence of a variety of catalysts.     

The physicochemical properties of aqueous mixtures of cationic-anionic surfactants: I. The effect of chain length symmetry

The solution behaviors of equimolar mixtures of cationic-anionic surfactants have been studied by means of the dynamic light scattering technique and surface tension measurements. The surface activity and the micellization properties are different for systems of different hydrophobic chain length symmetry. For systems of lower symmetry (e.g., C₆H₁₃NC₅H₅Br-C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na mixture), the surface tension at cmc (γ_cmc) is rather high (above 30 mN m⁻¹) and the mixtures form genuinely homogeneous micellar solutions above the cmc. For the systems of high symmetry (e.g., C₈H₁₇NC₅H₅Br-C₈H₁₇SO₄Na mixture), γ_cmc is very low (about 24 mN m⁻¹, near the value of pure hydrocarbon) and in the apparently homogeneous and clear mixtures slightly above cmc, the aggregates grow slowly and eventually form small droplets; as the concentration is further increased, all these solutions become turbid. We have proposed a new concept of conformation energy of aggregates to account for all these phenomena. Mixtures of octyltriethylammonium bromide and sodium octylsulfate form clear homogeneous micellar solutions in keeping with predictions based upon this concept.     

Unique spatial heterogeneity in ionic liquids

A multiscale coarse-graining model for ionic liquids has been extended to investigate the unique aggregation of cations in ionic liquids through computer simulation. It has been found that, with sufficiently long side chains, the tail groups of cations aggregate to form spatially heterogeneous domains, while headgroups of the cations and the anions distribute as uniformly as possible. This is understood as the result of competition between the charged electrostatic interactions between headgroups and anions and the collective short-range interactions between the neutral tail groups. This aggregation can help to explain a number of experimentally observed physical phenomena in ionic liquids.     

Study on the Tautomer Interconversion of 3-Oxo Pentanoate During Gas Chromatography

Enol and keto tautomers of methyl 3-oxo pentanoate could be separated on a HP-5 capillary column. The chromatographic peaks were identified by examining characteristic mass ions arose from the corresponding enol and keto molecular ions. The study showed that the area percentage of enol tautomer is a function of temperature of the column. Treating the column as a reactor, the energy of activation for the on-column tautomerization could be extracted (35.1 kJ mol⁻¹) by monitoring the loss of the enol tautomer, because the reaction is found to obey pseudo first-order kinetics. The enthalpy and the entropy changes (ΔH = −3.98 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS = −7.89 J K⁻¹mol⁻¹) for the enol-to-keto reaction in the stationary phase were also obtained.