Recent Advances in Rare‐Earth Polypnictides

The polypnictide complexes of rare earth cations have drawn the attention of the scientific community for their uncommon bonding modes and potential applications. Herein, we present a systematic and comprehensive summary on recent advances in the field of rare earth polypnictides, focusing on their synthesis, structures, and reactivities. The structural stabilizing effects imposed by the electropositive rare earth cations as well as the reducing capability of rare earth precursors in the synthesis of these polypnictide complexes are described in this review. We also disscuss in detail the bonding interactions and coordination modes between rare earth cations and polypnictide clusters as well as the similarities and the peculiarity of some structures.     

Optimization of a portable microanalytical system to reduce electrode fouling from proteins associated with biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in saliva

There is a need to develop reliable portable analytical systems for on-site and real-time biomonitoring of lead (Pb) from both occupational and environmental exposures. Saliva is an appealing matrix since it is easily obtainable, and therefore a potential substitute for blood due to existing reasonably good correlation between Pb levels in blood and saliva. The microanalytical system is based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry with a wall-jet (flow-onto) microelectrochemical cell. Samples that contain as little as 1% saliva can cause electrode fouling, resulting in significantly reduced responsiveness and irreproducible quantitations. In addition, incomplete Pb release from salivary protein can also yield a lower Pb response than expected. This paper evaluates the extent of in vitro Pb-protein binding and the optimal pretreatment for releasing Pb from the saliva samples. Even in 50% by volume of rat saliva, the electrode fouling was not observed, due to the appropriate sample pretreatment and the constant flow of the sample and acidic carrier that prevented passivation by the protein. The system offered a linear response over a low Pb range of 1-10 ppb, low detection limit of 1 ppb, excellent reproducibility, and reliability. It also yielded the same Pb concentrations in unknown samples as did the ICP-MS. These encouraging results suggest that the microanalytical system represents an important analytical advancement for real-time non-invasive biomonitoring of Pb.     

Interparticle interactions in agglomerates of alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: influence of grinding

We have chemically prepared a sample of antiferromagnetic alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by a gel-sol technique. M?ssbauer spectra of the as-prepared sample showed that superparamagnetic relaxation was suppressed due to strong magnetic interparticle interactions even at room temperature. However, subsequent grinding of the sample by hand in a mortar for some minutes resulted in fast superparamagnetic relaxation of some of the particles. The effect was even more dramatic if the alpha-Fe2O3 powder was ground for a longer time or together with nonmagnetic eta-Al2O3 nanoparticles. Similar effects were found after low-energy ball milling. Thus it is found that the agglomeration of the nanoparticles during preparation under wet conditions results in strong magnetic interparticle interaction, but a relatively gentle mechanical treatment is sufficient to break up the agglomerates, resulting in much weaker interactions. We show that these effects can also be seen when a soil sample containing magnetic nanoparticles is ground.     

微合金钢中稀土对沉淀相和性能的影响

在Nb(Ti,V）微合金钢中，主要沉淀相分别为Nb(C,N),(Nb,Ti)(C,N)和V（C，N）。稀土降低沉淀相完全溶解的温度，增大奥氏体中沉淀相析出的孕育期，降低析出速率，抑制奥氏体中沉淀相的析出，在铁素体相区，稀土提高沉淀相的析出速率和数量，促进沉淀相的析出，其中稀土对铌沉淀相析出的作用影响最强。锻态钢中，稀土有促进细化球化析出相的作用，随稀土含量增加，沉淀相析出数量增加，但过量稀土，促进作用又减弱，稀土在保持微合金钢强度的情况下，显著改善其冲击韧性，尤其是低温韧性，微合金钢中添加适量稀土可获得更佳的综合性能。     

Synthesis and Structure of Mixed Distannoxane Dimers [ClR_2SnOSnR''''_2Cl]_2

1,1,3,3-Tetraorganodistannoxanes [XR2SnOSnR2X]2 (R = alkyl, Ph; X = halogen, NCS, OAc, OR) are a kind of organotin oxo clusters. They have received considerable attention because they are useful catalysts for many reactions1-5. And recently S. W. Ng reported that [XR2SnOSnR2X]2 (R = Bu, X = OOCCH2SC(O)N(CH2CH2)2O) had more active antitumor activity than cis-platin in vitro6. A characteristic feature of symmetric tetraorganodistannoxanes in the solid state is their dimeriz…     

碘离子选择电极在动力学分析中的应用 Ⅰ.催化电势动力学测锆法研究

本文报道采用碘离子选择电极,系统研究了锆于BO_3~--I~-反应中的定量催化特性,建立了催化电势动力学间接测痕量锆的方法。结果表明,本法专属性较高,55种阴、阳离子均不干扰测锆。     

合成气制低碳烯烃K－Fe－MnO／MgO催化剂的研究Ⅰ．MnO助剂的作用

采用ＣＯ加氢反应、ＣＯ－ＴＰＤ、ＣＯ／Ｈ＿２－ＴＰＳＲ及Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿４／Ｈ＿２－ＴＰＳＲ等手段，研究合成气制低碳烯烃反应Ｋ－Ｆｅ－ＭｎＯ／ＭｇＯ催化剂中ＭｎＯ的助剂作用。结果表明ＭｎＯ能大幅度提高低碳烯烃的选择性，尤其是乙烯的选择性；ＭｎＯ能抑制催化剂表面的乙烯加氢，因而有利于提高低碳烯烃的选择性及烯／烷的比值。     

典型无机含氧酸自由基的特性

碳酸自由基、硝酸自由基、磷酸自由基和硫酸自由基是化学反应的重要中间体，都具有氧化性，对污染物在自然和人为环境中的迁移转化会产生重要的影响.文中较为详细地介绍这几种自由基的电极电位、产生方式、检测方法及与有机物的反应方式.总结四种自由基的特性及与有机物的反应方式可发现，四种自由基和羟自由基电极电位不同，导致它们和有机物反应速率的不同；碳酸自由基并不是羟自由基去除剂，对于一些容易被氧化的化合物，碳酸自由基氧化效果比羟自由基好；四种自由基均可由羟自由基转化而来，并且这四种自由基和羟自由基与有机物反应方式基本一致，都通过电子转移、夺氢和加成的方式进行.可以预测四种自由基和羟自由基降解有机物的机理将非常相似，今后应研究四种自由基与羟自由基相互转化的规律，以及与代表性有机物的反应机理.     

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Heavy Metals at Nanocrystalline Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode

Boron‐doped Diamond (BDD) electrode has become one of the important tools for heavy metal detection. By studying some analytical parameters of DPASV method, like deposition time and potential in different electrolyte concentrations (acetate buffer), the conditions for detecting very low metal ion levels (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) could be chosen. Diluted electrolyte (0.01 M buffer) was one of the factors favoring low detection and quantification limits, but its quantification range is short in comparison to more concentrated media. For ?1.7 V deposition potential, the detection of single metal at ppb levels was reached in 60 s deposition time. Understanding different metal‐metal interactions shows the limits to the simultaneous determination of heavy metals at BDD. Quantification was possible for the simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd and Pb despite the overlapping of Zn and Cd peaks. The performance of the BDD was compared with that of another C‐based solid electrode: the glassy carbon electrode (without mercury plating). A lower base line current, wider potential range, higher sensitivity (3 to 5 times higher than GC) and longevity of the material were noticed for the BDD.     

丹麦生物质发电的现状和研究发展趋势

丹麦是世界上利用秸秆生物质燃烧发电技术开发、运行最好的国家，其经验值得中国借鉴。根据作者在丹麦对生物质燃烧发电的研究经历，系统地介绍了丹麦在秸秆生物质发电的经验、遇到的问题及相应的研究和今后的发展方向。