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21.
Zbigniew Kisiel Lech Pszczó?kowski Steven B. Charnley 《Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy》2007,241(2):220-229
The rotational spectrum of pyruvic acid has been investigated for the first time in the millimeter-wave region, at 160-314 GHz, and also in supersonic expansion, at 10-17.4 GHz. The analysis of the broadband spectra recorded in this work was carried out with the newly developed AABS software package for Assignment and Analysis of Broadband Spectra, and precise spectroscopic constants are reported for the ground state, the first excited state of the low-frequency skeletal torsional mode ν24, and the first excited state of the methyl torsional mode ν23. Limited results have also been obtained for several higher excited states. The dataset for the ground state currently exceeds 1500 lines and for both the A and E internal rotor sublevels spans the complete range of values of Ka at the mid values of J for the measured transitions. The results were analysed with three freely available computer programs employing different strategies for dealing with internal rotation and a comparative discussion of their merits is made. 相似文献
22.
Bearden IG Beavis D Besliu C Blyakhman Y Budick B Bøggild H Chasman C Christensen CH Christiansen P Cibor J Debbe R Enger E Gaardhøje JJ Hagel K Hansen O Holm A Holme AK Ito H Jakobsen E Jipa A Jørdre JI Jundt F Jørgensen CE Karabowicz R Keutgen T Kim EJ Kozik T Larsen TM Lee JH Lee YK Løvhøiden G Majka Z Makeev A McBreen B Mikelsen M Murray M Natowitz J Nielsen BS Norris J Olchanski K Olness J Ouerdane D Płaneta R Rami F Ristea C Röhrich D Samset BH Sandberg D Sanders SJ Sheetz RA Staszel P 《Physical review letters》2002,88(20):202301
We present charged-particle multiplicities as a function of pseudorapidity and collision centrality for the 197Au+197Au reaction at square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 5% most central events we obtain dN(ch)/deta/(eta = 0) = 625+/-55 and N(ch)/(-4.7< or =eta < or =4.7) = 4630 +/- 370, i.e., 14% and 21% increases, respectively, relative to square root[s(NN)] = 130 GeV collisions. Charged-particle production per pair of participant nucleons is found to increase from peripheral to central collisions around midrapidity. These results constrain current models of particle production at the highest RHIC energy. 相似文献
23.
Joanna Budzisz Zbigniew Wróblewski 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2016,89(3):70
The article presents a method of modelling a vaccum circuit breaker in the ATP/EMTPpackage, the results of the verification of the correctness of the developed digitalcircuit breaker model operation and its practical usefulness for analysis of overvoltagesand overcurrents occurring in commutated capacitive electrical circuits and also examplesof digital simulations of overvoltages and overcurrents in selected electricalcircuits. 相似文献
24.
Andrzej Kolodziejczyk Zbigniew Jaroszewicz Andrzej Kowalik Orlando Quintero 《Optics Communications》2001,200(1-6):35-42
We present a new phase element which has the same optical properties as those of the amplitude sampling filter but it can use theoretically all the incident light for multiple image formation. The paper discusses a design method of the element and a diffraction efficiency of its structure obtained in a lithographic process. Then the quality and imaging ability of a phase element, fabricated according to the described design, are verified in an optical set-up. 相似文献
25.
Dobosz B Drzewiecka K Waskiewicz A Irzykowska L Bocianowski J Karolewski Z Kostecki M Kruczynski Z Krzyminiewski R Weber Z Golinski P 《Applied magnetic resonance》2011,41(1):19-30
Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to monitor free radicals and paramagnetic species like Fe, Mn, Cu generation, stability and status in Asparagus officinalis infected by common pathogens Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Occurrence of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum, level of free radicals and other paramagnetic species, as well as salicylic acid and mycotoxins content in roots and stems of seedlings were estimated on the second and fourth week after inoculation. In the first term free and total salicylic acid contents were related to free radicals level in stem (P?=?0.010 and P?=?0.033, respectively). Concentration of Fe(3+) ions in porphyrin complexes (g?=?2.3, g?=?2.9) was related to the species of pathogen. There was no significant difference between Mn(2+) concentrations in stem samples; however, the level of free radicals in samples inoculated with F. proliferatum was significantly higher when compared to F. oxysporum. 相似文献
26.
27.
This paper is devoted to a discussion of the notion of localizability for phonons, i.e., quasiparticles arising from the harmonic vibrations of a system ofn atoms bound to one another by elastic forces. The natural tools for the analysis of localizability are the projection operatorsÊ() acting on the Hilbert space of one-phonon states, where is an arbitrary subset of the set that consists ofn vectors specifying the equilibrium positions ofn atoms. The expectation value ofÊ() is the probability that the phonon belongs to the atoms whose equilibrium positions are characterized by the elements of . For a strongly localizable phonon all of the projection operatorsÊ() commute with one another, whereas in the case of a weakly localizable phonon the operatorsÊ(1) andÊ(2) do not commute when 1 and 2 overlap. With the aid of the Jauch-Piron quantum theory of localization in space, the present paper describes the method of obtainingÊ() and also shows that if in the system ofn atoms there exist normal modes of zero frequency, then the phonon is only weakly localizable. Given the explicit expression forÊ(), one can define the number-of-phonons operator as well as the quasiparticle analogue (given in a companion paper) of the Wigner distribution function. 相似文献
28.
Vadim V. Ilyushin Zbigniew Kisiel Heinrich Mäder 《Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy》2010,259(1):26-12194
A new program is described for fitting rotation-torsion energy levels in molecules like toluene, in which the frame (C6H5) has C2v symmetry and the methyl top has C3v symmetry, i.e., for molecules where the internal rotation barrier is expanded in cos6nα, where α is the internal rotation angle and n = 1,2,…. The program is based on the theoretical framework developed by Sørensen and Pedersen in their application of the Longuet-Higgins permutation-inversion group G12 to the microwave spectrum of CH3NO2. It is specifically designed for sixfold barrier molecules, and allows the user to select almost any symmetry-allowed torsion-rotation term for inclusion in the fitting Hamiltonian. This program leads to a very successful fit of transitions in the microwave spectrum of toluene characterized by J ? 30, Ka ? 12, and by the free-rotor quantum number ∣m∣ ? 3. In these fits we included both published and rather extensive unpublished new measurements, for which fits using other torsion-rotation programs have not been very successful. The fit presented here uses 28 parameters to give an overall standard deviation of 7.4 kHz for 372 line frequencies, and results in a much improved value for the sixfold barrier for toluene, V6 = 13.832068(3) cal mol−1. 相似文献
29.
Zbigniew Kisiel Lech Pszczó?kowski Manfred Winnewisser Eric Herbst 《Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy》2005,233(2):231-243
We report the results of a comprehensive reinvestigation of the rotational spectrum of diethyl ether based on broadband millimetre-wave spectra recently recorded at The Ohio State University and in Warsaw, covering the frequency region 108-366 GHz. The data set for the ground vibrational state of trans-trans diethyl ether has been extended to over 2000 lines and improved spectroscopic constants have been determined. Rotational spectra in the first excited vibrational states of the three lowest vibrational modes of trans-trans-diethyl ether, ν20, ν39, and ν12 have been assigned. The v20 = 1 and v39 = 1 states are near 100 cm−1 in vibrational term value and are coupled by a strong c-axis Coriolis interaction, which gives rise to many spectacular manifestations in the rotational spectrum. All of these effects have been successfully fitted for a dataset comprising over 3000 transitions, leading to precise determination of the energy difference between these states, (ΔE/hc)=10.400222(5) cm−1. A newly developed software package for assignment and analysis of broadband spectra is described and made available. 相似文献
30.
Piotr Kurcok Andrzej Matuszowicz Zbigniew Jedliski Hans R. Kricheldorf Philippe Dubois Robert Jrme 《Macromolecular rapid communications》1995,16(7):513-519
The influence of methyl substituent on the mechanism of the ring-opening polymerization of β-lactones initiated by alkali metal alkoxides is discussed. Attention has been paid to the effect of the substituent position in the monomer molecule on the ring-opening mechanism, the 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone (pivalolactone), 4-methyl-2-oxetanone (β-butyrolactone) and 2-oxetanone (β-propiolactone) being chosen as model monomers. Moreover, it was found unexpectedly that in the case of pivalolactone polymerization, besides open-chain polymers, cyclic oligomers are produced. 相似文献