Finiteness of the strong global dimension of radical square zero algebras

The strong global dimension of a finite dimensional algebra A is the maximum of the width of indecomposable bounded differential complexes of finite dimensional projective A-modules. We prove that the strong global dimension of a finite dimensional radical square zero algebra A over an algebraically closed field is finite if and only if A is piecewise hereditary. Moreover, we discuss results concerning the finiteness of the strong global dimension of algebras and the related problem on the density of the push-down functors associated to the canonical Galois coverings of the trivial extensions of algebras by their repetitive algebras.     

On 1/f noise characteristics for 0.1 eV HgCdTe photoconductors

Sensitivities on 0.1 eV HgCdTe photoconductors with new electrode configuration and in different sizes were measured at 77K and under 10¹⁴phcm^–2s^–1 photon background conditions. After data for responsivity, generation-recombination noise (g-r noise) and minority carrier lifetime were reproduced by solving a one dimensional diffusion equation on excess minority carrier, discussions on 1/f noise were made and the following characteristics were concluded: (1) 1/f noise does not originate near electrodes for bias current. (2) 1/f noise hardly depends on sensor size and temperature in the 77–95K range, while g-r noise does. (3) 1/f noise is proportional to bias electric field, i.e. current density. (4) 1/f noise does not depend on photon background. From characteristics (2) and (4), it was concluded that 1/f noise has nothing to do with g-r noise. Finally, a new empirical formula was proposed for 1/f noise.     

Rapidity dependence of multiplicity distributions in proton-nucleus collisions at 360 GeV/c

Multiplicity distributions in various rapidity intervals for charged particles produced in collisions of 360 GeV/c protons with aluminium (Al) and gold (Au) targets are presented. The data were analysed separately for the forward and backward hemispheres. Each distribution is well described by a negative binomial distribution. The experimental distributions are compared with the predictions of the multichain model calculated by the Monte Carlo program MCMHA in which the intranuclear cascade process is included, and also with the Lund Monte Carlo FRITIOF. The results of MCMHA reproduce quite well the multiplicity distributions for various rapidity intervals.     

Asymmetric evolution of eddies in rotating shallow water

It is demonstrated that cyclones evolve in a way different from that of anticyclones in rotating shallow water. The anticyclones merge and eventually take circular coherent forms, but cyclones are elongated with active enstrophy cascading. This asymmetric evolution is strengthened with increasing surface displacements. When the initial surface displacement exceeds a certain critical value, the initial elongation of a cyclonic ellipse ends up with splitting in two cyclones. This splitting of the cyclonic ellipse is always associated with the first appearance of a saddle point inside the core, due to irrotational, ageostrophic motion. The appearance of the saddle point inside the core seems to be a necessary condition for splitting of the core of the cyclonic ellipse with surface displacements. The linear stability analysis of the elliptical vortex is consistent qualitatively with both of the simulation results and the kinematic axisymmetrization/elongation principle.     

An infinite zigzag chain of alternating Cl-Pd-Pd-Cl and Mo-Mo units

Treatment of Pd(2)Cl(2)(CNC(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6)(4) (1) with Mo(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4) (2) in dichloromethane afforded an infinite zigzag chain [[Pd(2)Cl(2)(CNC(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6)(4)][Mo(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4)]](n) (3), where two metal-metal bonded dinuclear Pd-Pd and Mo-Mo units were bridged by chloro atoms. The Mo-Mo distance (2.1312(3) A) of 3 is significantly elongated compared to that of 2 (2.090(4) A) and lies in the range of that of the quadruple Mo-Mo bonded complexes. Such elongation might be attributed to the axial donation of the chloro atoms of the Pd-Pd unit to the Mo-Mo moiety.     

Synthesis of (±)‐Lasubine II Using N‐Methoxyamines

The synthesis of (±)‐lasubine II has been achieved through a three‐component allylation capitalizing on the unique properties of N‐methoxyamines. This reaction enabled the installation of all the carbon atoms of lasubine II in a single operation. The N‐methoxy group was efficiently used for the subsequent nitrone formation. A single‐step cyclization of isoxazolidines or N‐methoxyamines to form functionalized piperidine rings was also developed.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives

A series of new spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives 3a‐h were synthesized by the reaction of 4‐arylidene‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one 1 with secondary and tertiary carbanions derived from a methylene and methine group bearing both a leaving group and electron‐withdrawing group, e.g. methyl chloroacetate, ethyl chloroacetate, isopropyl chloroacetate, tert‐butyl chloroacetate, chloroacetonitrile, 2‐chloro‐N,N‐diethylacetamide, methyl 2‐chloropropionate and 2‐chloropropionitrile, in the presence of sodium hydride. All the synthesized compounds 3a‐h were active against Candida albicans with MIC ≤ 25 μg/mL in vitro.     

Activation of Water-Splitting Photocatalysts by Loading with Ultrafine Rh–Cr Mixed-Oxide Cocatalyst Nanoparticles

The activity of many water-splitting photocatalysts could be improved by the use of Rh^III–Cr^III mixed oxide (Rh_2−xCr_xO₃) particles as cocatalysts. Although further improvement of water-splitting activity could be achieved if the size of the Rh_2−xCr_xO₃ particles was decreased further, it is difficult to load ultrafine (<2 nm) Rh_2−xCr_xO₃ particles onto a photocatalyst by using conventional loading methods. In this study, a new loading method was successfully established and was used to load Rh_2−xCr_xO₃ particles with a size of approximately 1.3 nm and a narrow size distribution onto a BaLa₄Ti₄O₁₅ photocatalyst. The obtained photocatalyst exhibited an apparent quantum yield of 16 %, which is the highest achieved for BaLa₄Ti₄O₁₅ to date. Thus, the developed loading technique of Rh_2−xCr_xO₃ particles is extremely effective at improving the activity of the water-splitting photocatalyst BaLa₄Ti₄O₁₅. This method is expected to be extended to other advanced water-splitting photocatalysts to achieve higher quantum yields.