High-performance size-exclusion chromatographic determination of the potency of biosynthetic human growth hormone products

A new high-performance size-exclusion chromatography method has been developed for the determination of potency of human growth hormone products. This method has been extensively validated and shown to correlate well with the hypophysectomized rat bioassay which has been used traditionally. The method is much more precise than the traditional bioassay and thus provides more reliable means of producing consistent biosynthetic human growth hormone batches.     

9-Alkylideneazafluorenes

A number of tertiary aza-9-fluorenols were obtained from 4- and 2-azafluofenones and were subjected to dehydration in order to synthesize the previously unknown 9-methyleneazafluorenes. The corresponding 9-methyleneazafluorenes and their polymers were obtained simultaneously in relatively stable form from both pyridine-ring-substituted and -unsubstituted 4-aza-9-fluorenols and from 1,3-diphenyl-2-aza-9-fluorenol. On the basis of an analysis of the mass spectrum of the polymer obtained from 9-methylene-4-azafluorene it was concluded that it is evidently isolated in the form of two dimers — dispiro [bis (4-aza-9-fluorene)-1, 3-cyclobutane] and the analogous product of dispiro addition with a 1,2-substituted cyclobutane ring. Condensation of the corresponding azafluorenes with benzaldehyde gave their 9-benzylidene derivatives in the form of geometrical isomers, the structures of which were established on the basis of the PMR spectra.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1234–1240, September, 1978.     

Anwendung der Streustrahl-Methode zur Bestimmung der Elemente in Mineral?lprodukten mit Hilfe der R?ntgenfluorescenz-Spektral-Analyse am Beispiel der Bleibestimmung in Ottokraftstoffen

Zusammenfassung In einem relativ einfach durchzuführenden Verbundverfahren wird Selen im Sauerstoff-strom innerhalb 15 min bei 1100–1150°C quantitativ aus den Metall- bzw. Metalloxidschmelzen verdampft und in einer mit flüssigem Stickstoff gekühlten Vorlage aufgefangen. Das aus der Vorlage mit einer definierten Menge verdünnter HNO₃ in Gegenwart von Ni-Nitrat gelöste Selen läßt sich direkt durch AAS mit dem Graphitofen (FAAS) äußerst nachweisstark und zuverlässig bestimmen. Die Nachweisgrenze (elektrodenlose Entladungslampe) liegt bei 3×10^–11 g Se. Der Verfahrensverbund erlaubt mit Probenmengen 10 g in Ag und Au Se-Gehalte 0,05 ppb,inCu 0,1 ppb,in Bi 0,2 ppb und in Pb 10 ppb zu erfassen. Für draht-, stab- und spanförmige Proben erhält man für Se-Gehalte von 2–0,002 ppm Variationskoeffizienten zwischen 3 und 6%. Die Vollständigkeit der Se-Verdampfung aus den Matrices Cu, Ag, Au und Bi wurde ebenso wie die Richtigkeit des Gesamtverfahrens durch systematische Untersuchungen belegt.

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Determination of se by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) in the ppb-range in Cu, Cu alloys, Ag, Au, Pb and Bi after volatilization in an oxygen stream

Summary Selenium is evaporated in a multi-stage procedure within 15 min from metals or metal oxides fused at temperatures of 1100–1150°C under a stream of oxygen and is trapped in a receiver cooled with liquid nitrogen. The condensed SeO₂ is dissolved with a definite volume of diluted HNO₃ in the presence of Ni-nitrate and determined with high sensitivity and reliability by FAAS (electrodeless discharge lamp). The detection limit of the FAAS was found to be 3 · 10^–11 g of Se. The multi-stage procedure allows to detect Se levels 0.05 ppb in Ag and Au, 0.1 ppb in Cu, 0.2 ppb in Bi, and 10 ppb in Pb, respectively, with sample weights 10 g. For wire, rod, and chip samples the coefficients of variation are found to be between 3 and 6% for Se contents of 2 to 0.002 ppm. The quantitative evaporation of Se from Cu, Ag, Au, and Bi as well as the accuracy of the whole procedure have been checked systematically.

Die Arbeit wurde durch Mittel der DFG in dankenswerter Weise unterstützt.     

Further applications of endocyclic enamine-enone annulations : The total syntheses of rac-Sceletium alkaloid A4 and 3'-demethoxy sceletium alkaloid A4

The total synthesis of rac-sceletium alkaloid A₄1a and of its 3'-demethoxy analogue 1b via the annulation of endocyclic enamines 4a–b is presented. The Michael acceptor 5a is a useful synthon for the two-step synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted pyridines from Δ²-pyrrolines.     

Photoelectron spectra of polyunsaturated [4,4,2]propellanes

The photoelectron spectra of the six propellanes 1 to 6 have been recorded. Those bands which correspond to ejection of an electron from a π-orbital have been assigned, using the concept of through bond and through space interaction. Homoconjugative interaction between the π-systems of the two butadiene moieties of 6 is of the same order as that of the π-orbitals in norbornadiene.     

Prospects of thermal analysis in polymer research

A survey and an analysis of the publications concerned in thermal analysis (TA) published in four renowned journals during the years 1965–1974 were performed. The published data were evaluated from three points of view: TA methods used for polymers, properties and phenomena studied by TA methods, types of polymers investigated by TA methods. From the statistical data were derived the future trends for the application of particular TA methods in polymer science.     

Anomalous behaviour of the Landé factors and the chemical shift close to the dissociation limit of the B state of molecular iodine

Resonances in a modulated light beam have been observed on five transitions in the visible band system of I₂. Landé factors g_J and chemical shifts g₁ have been measured for levels very close to the dissociation limit of the B state.     

Cl35 NQR spectra and the transmission effects in the series RSO2Cl

Conclusions It was shown by correlating the Cl³⁵ NQR frequencies with the Taft _I and _c parameters that the effect of substituents, which are either capable of conjugation (Hal, OR, NR₂) or are alkyl groups, is transmitted to the chlorine atom through the SO₂Cl group by a practically purely inductive means.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 486–488, February, 1970.     

Sizes and interfacial free energies of crystallites formed from fractionated linear polyethylene

Replicas of fracture surfaces of fractions of linear polyethylene, which were crystallized at elevated temperatures for extended time periods, were examined by electron microscopy. Striated. lamella-type crystallites were observed for all molecular weights over the range 3.2 × 10³?5.7 × 10⁵. In agreement with Anderson's previous report, for molecular weights of 12,000 or less, the crystallite thicknesses were comparable to the extended chain length. As the molecular weight increased above this level, however, the crystallite sizes increased only slightly and hence at high molecular weights were very much smaller than the extended chain length. From the measured melting temperatures, crystallite interfacial free energies were calculated from the theory for the melting of finite size crystals comprised of chains of finite length. The crystallite interfacial free energy was found to increase with molecular weight. Based on these results, a crystallization process is outlined which allows for the formation of either extended chain crystallites, or crystallites whose size is much smaller than the extended chain length without any change in nucleation mechanism or arbitrary adjustment in growth mechanism with molecular weight.     

Influence of HCl on the stability of liquid lamellae between two colliding bubbles in aqueous solutions ofn-fatty acids

The effect of HCl on life time of liquid lamellae created between two colliding bubbles in aqueous solutions ofn-fatty acids were studied. The results show, that the addition of HCl has a pronounced influence on life time of the lamellae. At low fatty acid concentration the lifetime of the lamellae in the acidified solution is higher than in the nonacidified solution, but at higher fatty acid concentration the effect reverses. The analysis of these experimental results show that the characteristic influence of HCl on lamellae lifetime can be explained by the formation of distinct association states of the fatty acids in the liquid phase at different concentration ranges. The results are discussed with respect to bubble coalescence in gas-liquid contactors.