Synthesis,characterization, and electrical properties of polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites

Size‐controllable polypyrrole (PPy)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites have been synthesized by in situ chemical oxidation polymerization directed by various concentrations of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Raman spectra, FTIR, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize their structure and morphology. These results showed that the composites are core (MWCNT)–shell (PPy) tubular structures with the thickness of the PPy layer in the range of 20–40 nm, depending on the concentration of CTAB. Raman and FTIR spectra of the composites are almost identical to those of PPy alone. The electrical conductivities of these composites are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those of PPy without MWCNTs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6449–6457, 2006     

Synthesis and micellization of amphiphilic poly(sebacic anhydride)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(sebacic anhydride) block copolymers

Amphiphilic biodegradable block copolymers [poly(sebacic anhydride)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(sebacic anhydride)] were synthesized by the melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene glycol) and sebacic anhydride prepolymers. The chemical structure, crystalline nature, and phase behavior of the resulting copolymers were characterized with ¹H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Microphase separation of the copolymers occurred, and the crystallinity of the poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSA) blocks diminished when the sebacic anhydride unit content in the copolymer was only 21.6%. ¹H NMR spectra carried out in CDCl₃ and D₂O were used to demonstrate the existence of hydrophobic PSA domains as the core of the micelle. In aqueous media, the copolymers formed micelles after precipitation from water‐miscible solvents. The effects on the micelle sizes due to the micelle preparation conditions, such as the organic phase, dropping rate of the polymer organic solution into the aqueous phase, and copolymer concentrations in the organic phase, were studied. There was an increase in the micelle size as the molecular weight of the PSA block was increased. The diameters of the copolymer micelles were also found to increase as the concentration of the copolymer dissolved in the organic phase was increased, and the dependence of the micelle diameters on the concentration of the copolymer varied with the copolymer composition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1271–1278, 2006     

Synthesis and properties of noncoplanar rigid‐rod aromatic polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s containing phenyl or naphthyl substituents

Two new phenyl‐ and naphthyl‐substituted rigid‐rod aromatic dicarboxylic acid monomers, 2,2′‐diphenylbiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid ( 4 ) and 2,2′‐di(1‐naphthyl)biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid ( 5 ), were synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction of 2,2′‐diiodobiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester with benzeneboronic acid and naphthaleneboronic acid, respectively, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the ester groups. Four new polyhydrazides were prepared from the dicarboxylic acids 4 and 5 with terephthalic dihydrazide (TPH) and isophthalic dihydrazide (IPH), respectively, via the Yamazaki phosphorylation reaction. These polyhydrazides were amorphous and readily soluble in many organic solvents. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that these hydrazide polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 187–234 °C and could be thermally cyclodehydrated into the corresponding oxadiazole polymers in the range of 300–400 °C. The resulting poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s exhibited T_g's in the range of 252–283 °C, 10% weight‐loss temperature in excess of 470 °C, and char yield at 800 °C in nitrogen higher than 54%. These organo‐soluble polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s exhibited UV–Vis absorption maximum at 262–296 and 264–342 nm in NMP solution, and their photoluminescence spectra showed maximum bands around 414–445 and 404–453 nm, respectively, with quantum yield up to 38%. The electron‐transporting properties were examined by electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammograms of the poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole) films cast onto an indium‐tin oxide (ITO)‐coated glass substrate exhibited reversible reduction redox with E_onset at ?1.37 to ?1.57 V versus Ag/AgCl in dry N,N‐dimethylformamide solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6466–6483, 2006     

Effect of the pore surface modification of an inorganic substrate on the plasma‐grafting behavior of pore‐filling‐type organic/inorganic composite membranes

We have investigated the effect of the surface state and surface treatment of the pores of an inorganic substrate on the plasma‐grafting behavior of pore‐filling‐type organic/inorganic composite membranes. Shirasu porous glass (SPG) was used as the inorganic substrate, and methyl acrylate was used as the grafting monomer. The grafting rate increased as the density of silanol on the SPG substrate increased. This result suggests that radicals are generated mainly at the silanol groups on the pore surface by plasma irradiation. The SPG substrates were treated with silane coupling agents used to control the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface. The thickness of the grafted layer became thinner as the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface of SPG increased. This decrease in the thickness of the grafted layer could be explained by the decrease in the penetration depth of vacuum ultraviolet rays contained in plasma having a wavelength of less than 160 nm that generated radicals in the pores of the substrate. The thickness of the grafted layer inside the SPG substrates could be controlled through the control of the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface of the SPG substrate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 846–856, 2006     

Simultaneous imaging of the structure and fluorescence of a supramolecular nanostructure formed by the coupling of π‐conjugated polymer chains in the intermolecular interaction

We fabricated a micrometer‐long supramolecular chain in which π‐conjugated polyrotaxane was coupled. A new experimental setup was designed and constructed, and the simultaneous direct imaging of the structure and fluorescent function was achieved. Furthermore, we identified the formation of a polymer intertwined network and observed novel fluorescence due to a long‐range interaction via this intertwined network over a distance of 5 μm or more without quenching over 15 min in the near field. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 801–809, 2006     

Synthesis of TiO2–SiO2/polymer core–shell microspheres with a microphase‐inversion method

A novel microphase‐inversion method was proposed for the preparation of TiO₂–SiO₂/poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell nanocomposite particles. The inorganic–polymer nanocomposites were first synthesized via a free‐radical copolymerization in a tetrahydrofuran solution, and the poor solvent was added slowly to induce the microphase separation of the nanocomposite and result in the formation of nanoparticles. The average particle sizes of the microspheres ranged from 70 to 1000 nm, depending on the reaction conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated a core–shell morphology for the obtained microspheres. Thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the surface of the nanocomposite microspheres was polymer‐rich, and this was consistent with the core–shell morphology. The influence of the synthetic conditions, such as the inorganic composition and the content of the crosslinking monomer, on the particle properties was studied in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3911–3920, 2006     

Incubation period in the 2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy‐mediated thermal autopolymerization of styrene: Kinetics and simulations

Mechanisms and simulations of the induction period and the initial polymerization stages in the nitroxide‐mediated autopolymerization of styrene are discussed. At 120–125 °C and moderate 2,2,4,4‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) concentrations (0.02–0.08 M), the main source of radicals is the hydrogen abstraction of the Mayo dimer by TEMPO [with the kinetic constant of hydrogen abstraction (k_h)]. At higher TEMPO concentrations ([N?] > 0.1 M), this reaction is still dominant, but radical generation by the direct attack against styrene by TEMPO, with kinetic constant of addition k_ad, also becomes relevant. From previous experimental data and simulations, initial estimates of k_h ≈ 1 and k_ad ≈ 6 × 10^?7 L mol^?1 s^?1 are obtained at 125 °C. From the induction period to the polymerization regime, there is an abrupt change in the dominant mechanism generating radicals because of the sudden decrease in the nitroxide radicals. Under induction‐period conditions, the simulations confirm the validity of the quasi‐steady‐state assumption (QSSA) for the Mayo dimer in this regime; however, after the induction period, the QSSA for the dimer is not valid, and this brings into question the scientific basis of the well‐known expression k_th[M]³ (where [M] is the monomer concentration and k_th is the kinetic constant of autoinitiation) for the autoinitiation rate in styrene polymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6962‐6979, 2006     

Divinylsiloxane‐bisbenzocyclobutene‐based polymer modified with polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene triblock copolymers

Divinylsiloxane‐bisbenzocyclobutene (DVS‐bisBCB) polymer has very low dielectric constant and dissipation factor, good thermal stability, and high chemical resistance. The fracture toughness of the thermoset polymer is moderate due to its high crosslink density. A thermoplastic elastomer, polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene triblock copolymer, was incorporated into the matrix to enhance its toughness. The cured thermoset matrix showed different morphology when the elastomer was added to the B‐staged prepolymer or when the elastomer was B‐staged with the DVS‐bisBCB monomer. Small and uniformly distributed elastomer domains were detected by transmission electron micrographs (TEM) in the former case, but TEM did not detect a separate domain in the latter case. A high percentage of the polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene triblock copolymer could be incorporated into the DVS‐bisBCB thermoset matrix by B‐staging the triblock copolymer with the BCB monomer. The elastomer increased the fracture toughness of DVS‐bisBCB polymer as indicated by enhanced elongation at break and increased K1c values obtained by the modified edge‐lift‐off test. Elastomer modified DVS‐bisBCB maintained excellent electrical properties, high T_g and good thermal stability, but showed higher coefficient of linear thermal expansion values. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1591–1599, 2006     

Highly substituted poly(2,3‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives having bulky phenyl and fluorenyl pendant groups: Synthesis,characterization, and electro‐optical properties

Two series of poly(2,3‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (DP‐PPV) derivatives containing multiple bulky substituents were synthesized. In the first series, two different groups were incorporated on C‐5,6 positions of the phenylene moiety to increase steric hindrance and to obtain blue‐shifted emissions. In the second series, bulky fluorenyl groups with two hexyl chains on the C‐9 position were introduced on two phenyl pendants to increase the solubility as well as steric hindrance to prevent close packing of the main chain. Polymers with high molecular weights and fine‐tuned electro‐optical properties were obtained by controlling the feed ratio of different monomers during polymerization. The maximum photoluminescent emissions of the thin films are located between 384 and 541 nm. Cyclic voltammetric analysis reveals that the band gaps of these light‐emitting materials are in the range from 2.4 to 3.3 eV. A double‐layer EL device with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT/P4/Ca/Al emitted pure green light with CIE′1931 at (0.24, 0.5). Using copolymer P6 as the emissive layer, the maximum luminescence and current efficiency were both improved when compared with the homopolymer P4. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6738–6749, 2006     

Effects of the architecture and environment on polymeric molecular assemblies of novel amphiphilic diblock copolynorbornenes with narrow polydispersity via living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization

Diblock copolymers of 5‐(methylphthalimide)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene (NBMPI) and 1,5‐cyclooctadiene were synthesized by living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization with a well‐defined catalyst {RuCl₂(CHPh)[P(C₆H₁₁)₃]₂}. Unhydrogenated diblock copolymers showed two glass transitions due to poly(NBMPI) and polybutadiene segments, such as two glass‐transition temperatures at ?86.5 and 115.3 °C for poly 1a and ?87.2 and 115.3 °C for poly 1b . However, only one melting temperature could be observed for hydrogenated copolymers, such as 119.8 °C for poly 2a and 121.7 °C for poly 2b . The unhydrogenated diblock copolymer with the longer poly(NBMPI) chain (poly 1a ; temperature at 10% mass loss = 400 °C) exhibited better thermal stability than the one with the shorter poly(NBMPI) chain (poly 1b ; temperature at 10% mass loss = 385 °C). Two kinds of hydrogenated diblock copolymers, poly 2a and poly 2b , exhibited relatively poor solubility but better thermal stability than unhydrogenated diblock copolymers because of the polyethylene segments. Poly[(hydrochloride quaternized 2‐norbornene‐5‐methyleneamine)‐b‐butadiene]‐1 (poly 3a ) was obtained after the hydrolysis and quaternization of poly 1a . Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that the hydrodynamic diameters of the cationic copolymer (poly 3a ) in water (hydrodynamic diameter = 1580 nm without salt), methanol/water (4/96 v/v; hydrodynamic diameter = 1500 nm without salt), and tetrahydrofuran/water (4/96 v/v; hydrodynamic diameter = 1200 nm without salt) decreased with increasing salt (NaCl) concentration. The effect of temperature on the hydrodynamic diameter of hydrophobically modified poly 3a was also studied. The inflection point of the hydrodynamic diameter of poly 3a was observed at various polymer concentrations around 30 °C. The critical micelle concentration of hydrophobically modified poly 3a was observed at 0.018 g dL^?1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2901–2911, 2006