Solution of the one-dimensional diffusion equation for the hadronic cosmic-ray component in the atmosphere

Summary We solve the one-dimensional diffusion equation for the hadronic cosmic-ray component in the atmosphere assuming for the interaction mean free path a ln² E-dependence on the energy and comparing with mountain experimental data. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction. Partial financial support of FAPESP and CNPq, Brasil.     

Elastic constants and state of stress of glass-reinforced strip

The author examines the problem of the state of stress of glass-reinforced strip under short-time loading, when viscoelastic effects are unimportant. The proposed model is composed of a system of parallel identical glass fibers the space between which is filled with a matrix—resin. The change in the elastic constants is found as a function of the volume content of glass reinforcing. Further, the stress distribution between the elementary fibers is investigated for a glass-reinforced plastic in the three-dimensional stress state.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 593–602, 1966     

Fundamentals of the theory of non-fabric glass-reinforced plastics

Starting from the known mechanical properties of the components (glass reinforcement and resin) the stress-strain relations for an anisotropic viscoelastic material (glass-reinforced plastic) are determined. Using Volterra's principle [2] of replacing the elastic constants in the solution of the problem of the theory of elasticity [5] by integral operators, relations for the given material are obtained and found to be in fairly good agreement with the experimental data. In a separate study the high-temperature behavior of GRP is investigated by calculating the integral operators, which are functions of the viscous properties of the resin and the temperature.Mekhanika polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 151–158, 1965     

The effective approach for the quality control of Codonopsis radix based on quality markers of immune activity

Codonopsis radix is an important edible and medicinal plant resource for immunomodulation in China and Southeast Asia. However, the chemical quality evaluation of C. radix in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Version) is still lacking; therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective method to evaluate its quality accurately and systematically. Herein, a reliable method for a comprehensive chemical analysis of bioactive compounds in C. radix by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector was developed based on the quality marker (Q-marker) concept, which can efficiently reflect its immune activity. Our previous research explored the seven potential bioactive compounds reflecting the immune regulation activities of C. radix by spectrum–effect relationship analysis. Therefore, in this study, we researched on establishing a quality control method and selected the modern pharmacodynamic experiment of immune regulation to verify the potential bioactive compounds as quality markers. A real quality control method that reflected the traditional efficacy of C. radix in strengthening the spleen and tonifying lungs was developed. Furthermore, the C. radix extract and the seven bioactive compounds could promote the proliferation of immune-related cells and regulate the secretion of inflammatory factors, thus playing a role in immune regulation.     

Simulation of Cardiac Flow under the Septal Defect Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method

In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method was used to simulate the cardiac flow in children with aseptal defect. The inner wall model of the heart was reconstructed from 210 computed tomography scans. By simulating and comparing the cardiac flow field, the pressure field, the blood oxygen content, and the distribution of entropy generation before and after an operation, the effects of septal defect on pulmonary hypertension(PH), cyanosis, and heart load were analyzed in detail. It is found that the atrial septal defect(ASD) of the child we analyzed had a great influence on the blood oxygen content in the pulmonary artery, which leads to lower efficiency of oxygen binding in the lungs and increases the burden on the heart. At the same time, it also significantly enhanced the entropy generation rate of the cardiac flow, which also leads to a higher heart load. However, the main cause of PH is not ASD, but ventricular septal defect (VSD). Meanwhile, it significantly reduced the blood oxygen content in the brachiocephalic trunk, but rarely affects the blood oxygen contents in the downstream left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and descending aorta are not significantly affected by VSD. It causes severe cyanosis on the face and lips.     

Early Stages of CeO2 Thin-film Nucleation and Growth with Photo Irradiation

In this paper, the early stages of nucleation and photoirradiation growth of CeO₂ thin films have been studied. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the nucleation process of CeO₂ thin films deposited on the anode with photo irradiation. Experimental results show that the anodic deposition process with photo illumination is controlled by diffusion. Compared with the dark state, photo illumination mainly contributed to increase the current density of the three-dimensional nucleation process, because photo illumination is helpful to create active sites and accelerate the nucleation progress on the surface that a thin ceria film has been formed. Two-dimensional nucleation process mainly exists within the initial 2 s, and then only three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation process continues, which may be the main reason why the thickness of the CeO₂ film can continue to grow with photo illumination but not in the dark state. Increasing the deposition overpotential can promote two-dimensional nucleation and growth rate, whilst when the potential exceeds 0.65 V, three-dimensional current density decreases. The li-miting factor at that time may be the diffusion rate of cerium ions in the solution towards the electrode substrate.     

Designing Hollow Carbon Sphere with Hierarchal Porous for Na-S Systems with Ultra-Long Cycling Stabilities

Captured by the low-cost and high theoretical specific capacity, Na-S systems have garnered much attention. However, their intermediate products (dissolved polysulfide) are always out of control. Considering the excellent space confinements and conductivity, they have been regarded as promising candidates. Herein, the hollow spheres with suitable thickness shell (~20 nm) are designed as hosting materials, accompanied by in-depth complexing. Benefitting from the abundant micro-pores (mainly about conical-type and slits-type pores < 1.0 nm), the active S4 molecules are successfully filled in the pores through vacuum tube sealing technology, effectively avoiding the process from solid S₈ to liquid Na₂S₆. As cathode for Na-S systems, their capacity could remain at 920 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C after 100 cycles. Even at 10.0 C, the capacity still remained at about 310 mAh g⁻¹ after 7000 cycles. Supported by the detailed kinetic behaviors, the improvement of ions diffusion behaviors is noted, bringing about the effective thorough redox reactions. Moreover, the enhanced surface-controlling behaviors further induces the evolution of rate properties. Therefore, their stable phase changing is further confirmed through in situ resistances. Thus, the work is anticipated to offer significant design for hosting carbon materials and complexing manners.     

Hierarchically Annular Mesoporous Carbon Derived from Phenolic Resin for Efficient Removal of Antibiotics in Wastewater

Antibiotics have become a new type of environmental pollutant due to their extensive use. High-performance adsorbents are of paramount significance for a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy to remove antibiotics from water environments. Herein, we report a novel annular mesoporous carbon (MCN), prepared by phenolic resin and triblock copolymer F127, as a high-performance adsorbent to remove penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline hydrochloride from wastewater. The MCNs have high purity, rich annular mesoporosity, a high surface area (605.53 m²/g), and large pore volume (0.58 cm³/g), improving the adsorption capacity and facilitating the efficient removal of penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline hydrochloride from water. In the application of MCNs to treat these three kinds of residual antibiotics, the adsorption amounts of tetracycline hydrochloride were higher than penicillin and streptomycin, and the adsorption capacity was up to 880.6 mg/g. Moreover, high removal efficiency (99.6%) and excellent recyclability were achieved. The results demonstrate that MCN adsorbents have significant potential in the treatment of water contaminated with antibiotics.