Multiparticle emission in the interactions of hadrons with complex nuclei at incident momenta from 2 to 4 GeV/c

The charged secondary particles emitted in inelastic reactions of 4 GeV/cπ⁺ and π^? with the nuclei Be, Cu and Ta are thoroughly studied in their multiplicities, particle correlations and the distributions of kinematical variables, with the 1 m hydrogen bubble chamber into which the three nuclear target plates were installed. The numbers of charged secondaries emitted in the π^?(2.3 GeV/c), π⁺(2 GeV/c) and p(4 GeV/c) reactions are also investigated. From these data, characteristic features of the multiplication process of secondaries in nuclear matter are clarified. The experimental results are compared with the calculation of an intra-nuclear cascade model which takes into account the process of pion absorption by two-nucleon clusters in the nucleus. It is found that the experimental results on the properties of charged secondaries are consistently explained by the model. The model can also give an account of the experimental finding that fairly high momentum protons are emitted from the heavier nuclei into the backward hemisphere in the lab system.     

Measurement of the real-to-imaginary ratio of the pp forward amplitude at beam momenta between 400 and 730 MeV/c

Differential cross sections of $\text{p}\text{p}$ forward elastic scattering were measured between 400 and 730 MeV/c, and the real-to-imaginary ratio, ?, of the forward amplitude was deduced. We found that ρ increases from ～ 0.1 to ～ 0.4 in this momentum range. A dispersion-relation analysis shows the existence of a pole-like structure in the real part of the $\text{p}\text{p}$ amplitude near threshold.     

Digital Staining of Unstained Pathological Tissue Samples through Spectral Transmittance Classification

Histological structures of a pathological tissue sample convey information relevant to the diagnosis of the disease that might have afficted the person. To reveal the morphology of these structures clearly, pathological tissues are stained. In this paper, a digital staining methodology for pathological tissue samples is introduced. Digital staining implies the application of digital processing techniques to transform the image of an unstained sample to its stained image counterpart. In the method, the transmittance spectra of the unstained and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained multispectral images (16 bands) of specific tissue components are utilized. Two experiments were conducted to probe the possibility of the digital staining framework: the linear mapping of spectral transmittances, and the classification of spectral transmittances in conjunction with the linear mapping of specific transmittance data sets. The method classified the four tissue components, e.g. nucleus, cytoplasm, red blood cells, and the white region (region devoid of tissue structures), while the misclassifications between components with spectral transmittances that are closely similar were not completely rectified. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

Temperature factor of X-ray diffraction and diffuse scattering from helical polymer crystal

A theoretical treatment for the effect of thermal vibration on the X-ray scattering intensity for a helical polymer crystal is presented. The treatment involves assumptions that (1) the unit cell of the crystal contains only one polymer chain and (2) fluctuations of the atomic positions are small. The temperature factor of the intensity of Bragg reflections is expressed in terms of mean squares of fluctuations of helical parameters. The diffuse scattering is also considered in a special case.     

A novel synthesis of (±)-3-aminonocardicinic acid

(±)-3-Aminonocardicinic acid (3-ANA, 2), which is an important material for the synthesis of nocardicin A (1) and other biologically active analogues, has been synthesized by the application of a new method for the synthesis of α-methylene-β-lactams.     

Quality control of radioimmunoassay by bivariate analysis

Automatic calculation of control charts for precision and accuracy of radioimmunoassay was reported by Faure, et al. Duplicate control samples independently measured was assumed to have a bivariate normal distribution. In this case they assumed that the correlation coefficient between each value of the pairs of control samples is zero. Our experience using this method revealed that a considerable number of assayed samples distributed outside the calculated control limits in case of "accuracy control". It was considered that this happened because in radioimmunoassay the between-assays precision is usually larger than the within-an-assay precision and there is a significant correlation between values of duplicates. We also found equal probability density did not make a true circle but a long circle. Therefore in the present paper we proposed for control charts of radioimmunoassay an equal probability long circle calculated by bivariate analysis of Mahalanobis' generalized distance. It was found that a Mahalanobis' long circle could explain the density distribution of radioimmunoassay with a reasonable percent of samples outside the calculated control limits. What happened here can be interpreted by a large between-assays variability shown by some commercial kits. This automatic calculation method could be applied not only for quality control but also for evaluation and comparison of radioimmunoassay system or commercial kits. Control survey could also be analyzed by such a method.     

Urinary metabolites of nobiletin orally administered to rats

During the course of our systematic investigation of the metabolism of flavonoids, the polymethoxyflavone nobiletin, occurring in the fruits of Citrus depressa, was orally administered to rats. The urinary metabolites were separated and identified by three-dimensional HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector and the structure was determined by spectroscopic methods to be 4'-hydroxy-3',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (1).