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31.
Ukai M Nakamura H Shimoyama Y 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2006,63(4):879-882
We found various free radicals in a commercially available pepper in Japan before and after irradiation using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The typical ESR spectrum of the pepper consists of a sextet centered at g = 2.0, a singlet at the same g-value and a singlet at g = 4.0. Upon gamma ray irradiation, a new pair of signals appeared in the pepper. The progressive saturation behavior (PSB) at various microwave power levels indicated quite different relaxation behaviors of those radicals. Namely, the peak intensity of the organic free radical component decreases in a monotonic fashion, whereas the Mn2+ and Fe3+ ESR signals substantially keep constant. This reflects the evidence of three independent radicals in the pepper before irradiation. The PSB of the pair peaks as induced by irradiation possessed quite different PSB from that of the free radical located at g = 2.0. We proposed a new protocol for the ESR detection of irradiated foods by the PSB method at different microwave power levels. This would call for a major modification of the CEN protocol in European Union. 相似文献
32.
Maeda Y Kanda M Hashimoto M Hasegawa T Kimura S Lian Y Wakahara T Akasaka T Kazaoui S Minami N Okazaki T Hayamizu Y Hata K Lu J Nagase S 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2006,128(37):12239-12242
The dispersion of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) produced by the CoMoCAT method in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the use of amine was studied. The absorption, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopies showed that the dispersion and centrifugation process leads to an effective separation of metallic SWNTs from semiconducting SWNTs. Since this method is simple and convenient, it is highly applicable to an industrial utilization for widespread applications of SWNTs. 相似文献
33.
Futaba DN Hata K Namai T Yamada T Mizuno K Hayamizu Y Yumura M Iijima S 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2006,110(15):8035-8038
We propose a statistical and macroscopic analysis to estimate the catalyst activity of water-assisted growth (super-growth) of single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) and to characterize SWNT forests. The catalyst activity was estimated to be 84% (+/-6%), the highest ever reported. The SWNT forest was found to be a very sparse material where SWNTs represent only 3.6% of the total volume. This structural sparseness is believed to play a critical role in achieving highly efficient growth. 相似文献
34.
This paper presents two fast cycle canceling algorithms
for the submodular ow problem. The rst uses an assignment
problem whose optimal solution identies most negative
node-disjoint cycles in an auxiliary network. Canceling these
cycles lexicographically makes it possible to obtain an optimal
submodular ow in O(n
4
h log(nC)) time, which almost matches the
current fastest weakly polynomial time for submodular flow
(where n is the number of
nodes, h is the time for
computing an exchange capacity, and C is the maximum absolute value of arc
costs). The second algorithm generalizes Goldbergs cycle
canceling algorithm for min cost flow to submodular flow to also
get a running time of O(n
4
h log(nC)).. We show how to modify these
algorithms to make them strongly polynomial, with running times
of O(n
6
h log n), which matches the fastest strongly
polynomial time bound for submodular flow. We also show how to
extend both algorithms to solve submodular flow with separable
convex objectives. * An extended abstract of a preliminary version of
part of this paper appeared in [22]. Research supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid of
the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of
Japan. Research supported by an NSERC Operating Grant.
Part of this research was done during a sabbatical leave at
Cornell SORIE.§ Research supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid of
the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of
Japan. 相似文献
35.
36.
The network flow theory and algorithms have been developed on the assumption that each arc flow is controllable and we freely raise and reduce it. We however consider in this paper the situation where we are not able or allowed to reduce the given arc flow. Then we may end up with a maximal flow depending on the initial flow as well as the way of augmentation. Therefore the minimum of the flow values that are attained by maximal flows will play an important role to see how inefficiently the network can be utilized. We formulate this problem as an optimization over the efficient set of a multicriteria program, propose an algorithm, prove its finite convergence, and report on some computational experiments. 相似文献
37.
Hirata H Ueda M Ono M Shimoyama Y 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2002,155(1):140-144
Continuous-wave EPR spectroscopy using a frequency modulation (FM) scheme was developed. An electronically tunable resonator and an automatic tuning control (ATC) system were used. Using the FM scheme instead of magnetic field modulation, we detected EPR absorption at the first derivative mode. We used a microwave frequency of 1.1 GHz in the present experiment. Similar signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with conventional field modulation and the FM method, and a low-quality factor EPR resonator was not necessary to suppress the significant microwave reflection from the resonator. The FM method with a tunable resonator may be an alternative solution to achieving phase-sensitive detection, when the side-effects of magnetic field modulation, such as microphonic noise and mechanical vibration, are detrimental for EPR detection. 相似文献
38.
The cationic Pt complex (Pt(NC6H4-C6H4N-(CH2)10-O(C6H3-3,5-(OMe)2)(MeN-(CH2CH2NMe2)2))+ was prepared by the reaction of alkylbipyridinium ligand with a nitrateplatinum(II) complex. Mixing the complex and α- and β-cyclodextrins in aqueous media produced the corresponding [2]rotaxanes with 1:1 stoichiometry. γ-Cyclodextrin and the Pt complex formed a rotaxane having components in a 1:1 or 2:1 molar ratio. The results of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements confirmed the rotaxane structures of the Pt complexes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) analyses revealed the formation of micelles or vesicles. The addition of NaBH4 to the rotaxanes in aqueous media formed Pt nanoparticles with diameters of 1.3–2.8 nm, as characterized by TEM. The aggregated size of the nanoparticles formed from the rotaxane did not change even at 70 °C, and they showed higher thermal stability than those obtained from the reduction of the cyclodextrin-free Pt complex. 相似文献
39.
3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)cyclobutanones react with aryl bromides in the presence of palladium catalysts to afford 4-arylmethyl-3,4-dihydrocoumarins in high yields through a sequence involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage and formation. In the case of the reaction with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)cyclobutanones, five- or seven-membered lactones were produced depending on the presence of an additional substituent at the 2-position. 相似文献
40.
Muramatsu H Yamamoto Y Shigeno M Shirakawabe Y Inoue A Kim WS Kim SJ Chang SM Kim JM 《Analytica chimica acta》2008,611(2):233-238
We have fabricated polymer tips for atomic force microscopy in order to elucidate the effects of tip length and shape on cantilever vibration damping in liquids. The vibration damping is investigated by measuring the vibration amplitude of cantilevers as a function of tip-sample distance. The cantilever with a short tip provides a higher damping effect over long tip-sample distances. When the vibration amplitude was rescaled to show the effect of the cantilever width on oscillation damping, the vibration amplitude of cantilevers with various tip lengths was similarly obtained in a long distance range over 50 μm. This similarity is explained by an acoustic damping model in which an acoustic wave is generated by the cantilever. Finally, the results indicate a cantilever with a sufficiently long tip compared to the cantilever width can dramatically reduce the long-range damping effect in a liquid environment. 相似文献