Synthesis of (Z)-β-(Carbonylamino)alkenylindium through Regioselective anti-Carboindation of Ynamides and Its Transformation to Multisubstituted Enamides

The regioselective anti-carboindation of ynamides by using InBr₃ and silylated nucleophiles was developed to synthesize (Z)-β-(carbonylamino)alkenylindiums. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of an alkenylindium suggested that the reaction proceeded in an anti-addition fashion. In contrast to reported syn-carbometalations of ynamides by using organometallics, a cooperation of InBr₃ and silylated nucleophiles to ynamides achieved an anti-addition, which was supported by DFT calculations. The scope of substrates included various ynamides and silylated nucleophiles, such as silyl ketene acetals and silyl ketene imines. The transformation of synthesized alkenylindiums by iodination, radical coupling, and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling successfully afforded trisubstituted enamines with high regio- and stereoselectivities.     

Energy method in the partial Fourier space and application to stability problems in the half space

The energy method in the Fourier space is useful in deriving the decay estimates for problems in the whole space Rn. In this paper, we study half space problems in and develop the energy method in the partial Fourier space obtained by taking the Fourier transform with respect to the tangential variable x^′∈Rn−1. For the variable x₁∈R₊ in the normal direction, we use L² space or weighted L² space. We apply this energy method to the half space problem for damped wave equations with a nonlinear convection term and prove the asymptotic stability of planar stationary waves by showing a sharp convergence rate for t→∞. The result obtained in this paper is a refinement of the previous one in Ueda et al. (2008) [13].     

Stability of stationary solutions for the non-isentropic Euler-Maxwell system in the whole space

In this paper we discuss the asymptotic stability of stationary solutions for the non-isentropic Euler-Maxwell system in R³. It is known in the authors’ previous works [17, 18, 19] that the Euler-Maxwell system verifies the decay property of the regularity-loss type. In this paper we first prove the existence and uniqueness of a small stationary solution. Then we show that the non-stationary problemhas a global solution in a neighborhood of the stationary solution under smallness condition on the initial perturbation. Moreover, we show the asymptotic convergence of the solution toward the stationary solution as time tends to infinity. The crucial point of the proof is to derive a priori estimates by using the energy method.     

Birefringent side-hole fiber for use in strain sensor

Novel birefringent single-mode fibers are fabricated with a vacant hole on either side of the central elliptical core, referred to as side-hole fiber, and their intrinsic and tension-induced modal birefringences are measured to know their characteristic properties for the purpose of making a strain sensor. Five sampled side-hole fibers are prepared for measurements. The sensitivity of the strain sensor is primarily determined by two parameters, tension-induced and intrinsic modal birefringences. Tension-induced modal birefringence is controllable by optimal arrangement of the size and location of the side-holes in the cross-section of the fiber. A sensitivity diagram for designating and fabricating side-hole fibers is presented.     

Vacuum ultraviolet-induced surface modification of cyclo-olefin polymer substrates for photochemical activation bonding

The surface of cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) was treated with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light at 172 nm wavelength to improve the wettability and adhesion properties. Through VUV treatment in air, the terminal groups of the COP surface were oxidized into oxygen functional groups, containing CO, CO, and COO components, making the COP surface hydrophilic. The extent of oxygenation was evaluated by XPS and FTIR-ATR spectra, and it was shown that the surface properties, hydrophilicity, and functionalization were dependent on both VUV irradiation distance and irradiation time, which have an effect on the concentration of oxygen functional groups. VUV-light treatment with a short irradiation distance was more effective in introducing oxygen functional groups.     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in Asia

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical detection technique based on atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the elemental composition. LIBS has been extensively studied and developed due to the non-contact, fast response, high sensitivity, real-time and multi-elemental detection features. The development and applications of LIBS technique in Asia are summarized and discussed in this review paper. The researchers in Asia work on different aspects of the LIBS study in fundamentals, data processing and modeling, applications and instrumentations. According to the current research status, the challenges, opportunities and further development of LIBS technique in Asia are also evaluated to promote LIBS research and its applications.     

High-speed wavelength-division multiplexing quantum key distribution system

A high-speed quantum key distribution system was developed with the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique and dedicated key distillation hardware engines. Two interferometers for encoding and decoding are shared over eight wavelengths to reduce the system's size, cost, and control complexity. The key distillation engines can process a huge amount of data from the WDM channels by using a 1 Mbit block in real time. We demonstrated a three-channel WDM system that simultaneously uses avalanche photodiodes and superconducting single-photon detectors. We achieved 12 h continuous key generation with a secure key rate of 208 kilobits per second through a 45 km field fiber with 14.5 dB loss.     

Comparative study on the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of bithiophene-fused benzo[c]phospholes

Three types of bithiophene-fused benzo[c]phospholes were successfully prepared by Ti(II)-mediated cyclization of the corresponding dialkynylated bithiophene derivatives as a key step. Each sigma(3)-phosphorus center of the benzo[c]phosphole subunits was readily transformed into sigma(4)-phosphorus center by Au coordination or oxygenation. In addition, the bithiophene subunit was functionalized at the alpha,alpha'-carbon atoms by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with heteroarylmetals and by an S(N)Ar reaction with hexafluorobenzene. The experimentally observed results (NMR spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, UV/Vis absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic/differential-pulse voltammetry) have revealed that the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of the bithiophene-fused benzo[c]phospholes vary considerably depending on the pi-conjugation modes at the bithiophene subunits and the substituents of the heterocyclopentadiene components. The appropriately ring-annulated sigma(3)-P derivatives and sigma(4)-P-AuCl complexes were found to emit fluorescence in the orange-red region, and the sigma(4)-P-oxo derivatives proved to undergo reversible one-electron reduction at -1.4 to -1.8 V (vs ferrocene/ferrocenium). These results indicate that the bithiophene-fused benzo[c]phospholes possess narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and low-lying LUMOs, which was confirmed by density functional theory calculations of their model compounds. The time-of-flight measurement of an ITO/benzo[c]phosphole/Al device showed that the electron mobility in the P-oxo derivative is one-order higher than that in Alq(3) at low electric fields. The present study demonstrates that the arene-fused benzo[c]phosphole skeleton could be a highly promising platform for the construction of a new class of phosphole-based optoelectrochemical materials.     

囊泡表面分子间通讯交流体系的构建: 利用受体的分子识别行为调控酶的活性

在人工双层膜囊泡表面, 构建了一个通过人工受体的分子识别行为控制酶反应活性的超分子体系. 体系以生物体细胞信号转导系统为模拟原型, 由作为受体的烷基胺、被受体识别的信号分子吡哆醛衍生物、乳酸脱氢酶、受体和酶之间的媒介物Cu^2＋以及作为体系载体的合成肽脂囊泡五个成分构成．通过UV-vis光谱法及动态光散射测定对体系进行了评价, 结果表明: 随着受体疏水参数增大, 其对信号分子的识别能力增强, 二者呈良好的线性关系; 通过信号分子与囊泡表面静电相互作用的研究表明信号分子具有选择性; 媒介物与信号分子–受体可形成化学计量比为1∶2的配合物, 其形成能力比媒介物与酶的结合能力更强．作为结论, 体系中烷基胺受体对磷酸吡哆醛信号分子的识别有效控制了处于囊泡表面的乳酸脱氢酶的活性．     

Selection principle for various modes of spatially nonuniform electrochemical oscillations

The pattern selection principle for various modes of spatially nonuniform oscillation was investigated by taking a current oscillation of negative differential resistance type, appearing in H2O2 reduction on platinum (Pt) ring electrodes, as a model system. In experiments, various modes of spatiotemporal oscillation, such as a spatially uniform oscillation, standing wave oscillation, and rotating wave oscillation, appeared depending on the applied potential and the distance between the Pt-ring electrode and the reference electrode. A simple mathematical model for the spatiotemporal patterns at the electrode surface was proposed. Numerical calculations and nonlinear bifurcation analysis based on the proposed model reproduced all the essential features of the experimental results and clarified the pattern selection principle.