Acoustic diagnosis for porous medium with circular cylindrical pores

Acoustic transmission coefficient and phase velocity of a Lucite slab with circular cylindrical pores with a nonrigid pore frame were experimentally and theoretically investigated. For theoretical investigation a new phenomenological model, the modified Biot-Attenborough (MBA) model, was proposed. The MBA model takes into account both the first kind and the second kind of waves introduced by Biot. It also separately considers viscous and thermal effects with three new phenomenological parameters: boundary, phase velocity, and impedance parameters. The theoretical estimation with three phenomenological parameters shows reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. The physical characteristics of porous medium such as porosity and pore size can be inversely analyzed in terms of the acoustic data such as the transmission coefficient and phase velocity as the functions of porosity and frequency. This makes acoustic diagnosis possible for noninvasively investigating physical characteristics of porous media such as bones and ocean sediments.     

Single side strapping: a new approach to fine tuning the anion recognition properties of calix[4]pyrroles

Three calix[4]pyrroles bearing m-orcinol-derived diether straps of different lengths on one side of the tetrapyrrolic core have been synthesized and characterized. Structural information for an analogous diester bridged strapped system reported previously (Yoon, D. W.; Hwang, H.; Lee, C. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 1757-1759) is also provided as are bromide and chloride anion affinities for all four systems determined by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) in acetonitrile. Although both sets of the strapped calix[4]pyrroles displayed enhanced affinities for chloride and bromide anion, differences were seen among the various receptors that support the conclusion that the anion binding ability of calixpyrrole-type systems can be effectively tuned by modifying the length and nature of the bridging straps. In the specific case of the diether systems, the largest chloride affinity was seen with the shortest strap, whereas the largest affinity for bromide anion was recorded in the case of the longest strap. On the basis of these findings, as well as supporting (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies, it is postulated that not only cavity size per se, but also the ability of the aryl portion of the strap to serve as a CH hydrogen bond donor site are important in regulating the observed anion affinities.     

Interfacial Aspects of Electrodeposited Conductive Fibers/Epoxy Composites using Electro-Micromechanical Technique and Nondestructive Evaluation

Interfacial adhesion and nondestructive behavior of the electrodeposited (ED) carbon fiber reinforced composites were evaluated using the electro-micromechanical technique and acoustic emission (AE). Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the ED carbon fiber/epoxy composites was higher than that of the untreated case. This might be expected because of the possible chemical and hydrogen bonding based on an electrically adsorbed polymeric interlayer. Logarithmic electrical resistivity of the untreated single-carbon fiber composite increased suddenly to infinity when the fiber fracture occurred, whereas that of the ED composite increased relatively broadly up to infinity. This may be due to the retarded fracture time as a result of the enhanced IFSS. In single- and 10-carbon fiber composites, the number of AE signals coming from the interlayer failure of the ED carbon fiber composite was much larger than that of the untreated composite. As the number of each first fiber fracture increased in the 10-carbon fiber composite, the electrical resistivity increased stepwise, and the slope of logarithmic electrical resistance increased. In the three-graphite filament composite with a narrow 1 time inter-filament distance, the total numbers of the filament fracture and the IFSS were smaller than those of the wider 5 times case. This might be because the interacting fracture energy caused by a filament break could affect the adjacent filaments. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Approximation in L p (R d ) from a space spanned by the scattered shifts of a radial basis function

A new multivariate approximation scheme on R ^d using scattered translates of the “shifted” surface spline function is developed. The scheme is shown to provide spectral L _p -approximation orders with 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, i.e., approximation orders that depend on the smoothness of the approximands. In addition, it applies to noisy data as well as noiseless data. A numerical example is presented with a comparison between the new scheme and the surface spline interpolation method.     

Structural deformation and intertube conductance of crossed carbon nanotube junctions

We present a first-principles study of the structure and quantum electronic conductance of junctions consisting of two crossed (5,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. The structures are determined by constrained minimization of total energy at a given force between the two tubes, simulating the effects of substrate-tube attraction or an applied force. We find that the intertube contact distance is very sensitive to the applied force in the range of 0--10 nN. The intertube conductance is sizable for realistic deformation expected from substrate interaction. The results explain the recent transport data on crossed nanotubes and show that these systems may be potentially useful as electromechanical devices.     

Parallel magnetic field induced transition in transport in the dilute two-dimensional hole system in GaAs

A magnetic field applied parallel to the two-dimensional hole system in the GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, which is metallic in the absence of an external magnetic field, can drive the system into insulating at a finite field through a well-defined transition. The value of resistivity at the transition is found to depend strongly on density.     

Fabrication of stabilized piezoelectric thick film for silicon-based MEMS device

Electrical properties of piezoelectric thick films with controlled microstructure were investigated. In order to enhance the electromechanical properties (e.g. d₃₁, d₃₃) of a thick film by control of its microstructure, a mixed powder, referred to as BNP, consisting of both nano-sized and micro-sized piezoelectric particles, was employed as a starting precursor in the film fabrication process. According to a scanning electron microscopy study, it is shown that a BNP thick film exhibits the densest homogeneous microstructures. According to surface area measurements, the BNP thick film was sufficiently densified without an additional infiltration process of Pb(Zr_1-xTi_x)O₃ sol for densification. The screen-printed BNP thick film possesses a dielectric constant and a remanent polarization much higher than those of a thick film composed of only micro-sized piezoelectric particles by a factor of more than two. This suggests the potential application of the BNP thick film, in conjunction with a silicon substrate, to a micromachined monolithic PZT thick film device on the silicon substrate. PACS 85.40.Xx; 85.85.+j; 85.50.-n; 77.65.-j; 68.37.-d     

Dispersion measurement technique based on the self-seeding laser oscillation of a Fabry-Perot laser diode

A simple dispersion measurement technique has been proposed and demonstrated by using the self-seeding laser oscillation of a Fabry-Perot laser diode through an optical closed-loop path. When the multi-mode optical pulses emitted from the laser are re-injected into the laser after traversing a fiber-under-test, a single mode laser oscillation occurs through the closed-loop path due to the group velocity difference between the pulses of different wavelengths. We measured the dispersion parameter of the fiber-under-test from the modulation frequency changes required to induce single-mode laser oscillations through the optical closed-loop path. The maximum measurement error was less than 1.5% for the optical fibers as compared with a commercial instrument.     

Momentum-Kick Model Application to High-Multiplicity pp Collisions at s = 13 $\sqrt {s}=13$ TeV at the LHC

International Journal of Theoretical Physics - In this study, the momentum-kick model is used to understand the ridge behaviour in dihadron Δη–Δφ correlations recently...     

Pore-Scale Analysis of NAPL Blob Dissolution and Mobilization in Porous Media

A pore-scale analysis of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) blob dissolution and mobilization in porous media was presented. Dissolution kinetics of residual NAPLs in an otherwise water-saturated porous medium was investigated by conducting micromodel experiments. Changes in residual NAPL volume were measured from recorded video images to calculate the mass transfer coefficient, K and the lumped mass transfer rate coefficient, k. The morphological characteristics of the blobs such as specific and intrinsic area were found to be independent of water flow rate except at NAPL saturations below 2%. Dissolution process was also investigated by separating the mass transfer into zones of mobile and immobile water. The fractions of total residual NAPL perimeters in contact with mobile water and immobile water were measured and their relationship to the mass transfer coefficient was discussed. In general, residual NAPLs are removed by dissolution and mobilization. Although these two mechanisms were studied individually by others, their simultaneous occurrence was not considered. Therefore, in this study, mobilization of dissolving NAPL blobs was investigated by an analysis of the forces acting on a trapped NAPL blob. A dimensional analysis was performed to quantify the residual blob mobilization in terms of dimensionless Capillary number (Ca _I). If Ca _I is equal to or greater than the trapping number defined as , then blob mobilization is expected.