CP violation in gauge theories and the electric dipole moment of the neutron

A nonvanishing contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment in CP-violating gauge theories of the weak interactions, arising from interaction of the photon with two-quark subsystems of the three-bound-quark neutron system, is calculated. In the Kobayashi-Maskawa model the resulting value of the moment is estimated as O(10^?32) e cm; however, strong interaction corrections (gluonic radiative corrections) give quark moment contributions which may be numerically larger (possibly 10^?30±1 e cm). Either case clearly distinguishes gauge-sector CP violation from Higgs-sector CP violation which typically gives a neutron moment of order 10^?24 e cm.     

The effect of normal electric field on the evolution of immiscible Rayleigh-Taylor instability

Manipulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability using an external electric field has been the subject of many studies. However, most of these studies are focused on early stages of the evolution. In this work, the long-term evolution of the instability is investigated, focusing on the forces acting on the interface between the two fluids. To this end, numerical simulations are carried out at various electric permittivity and conductivity ratios as well as electric field intensities using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. The electric field is applied in parallel to gravity to maintain unstable evolution. The results show that increasing top-to-bottom permittivity ratio increases the rising velocity of the bubble while hindering the spike descent. The opposite trend is observed for increasing top-to-bottom conductivity ratio. These effects are amplified at larger electric field intensities, resulting in narrower structures as the response to the excitation is non-uniform along the interface.     

Spectroscopic studies and crystal structure of (E)-N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide

The structure of compound has also been examined cyrstallographically. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 7.673(1), b = 16.251(2), c = 10.874(1) Å, β = 110.42(1)°, V = 1270.7(3) ų, D _x = 1.418 g cm^?3, R ₁ = 0.0349 and wR ₂ = 0.0935 [I > 2σ(I)], respectively. The title compound has been synthesized from the reaction of isonicotinohydrazide with 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. It has been characterized by using elemental analysis, MS, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques.     

Compressive Elastic Moduli of Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels Crosslinked with Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane)

Hydrophobically modified and thermally reversible neutral and ionic copolymer hydrogels were prepared from N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), vinyl terminated poly (dimethylsiloxane) (VTPDMS) and itaconic acid (IA) by free radical solution polymerization, and their properties such as swelling ratio and compression modulus were studied at the 25°C. The incorporation of VTPDMS as a hydrophobic macrocrosslinker into the structures of neutral NIPAAm hydrogels increased their mechanical strength around 10 times than those of the ones crosslinked with conventional tetra functional monomer, i.e., N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (BIS). Compression modulus decreased with an increase in IA content for ionic samples and increased with increasing molecular weight and content of VTPDMS for neutral samples. It was assumed that in the first case, electrostatic repulsive forces resulting from the ionized carboxyl groups of IA were responsible for decreasing mechanical strength, while in the second case, hydrophobic interactions between dimethylsiloxane units of VTPDMS chains enhanced the compression moduli. According to the results presented in this work, it can be said that the right balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents and adjustment of the number of ionized groups, as well as crosslinking degree, change the structure and physical properties of NIPPAAm hydrogels.     

The non-isothermal kinetics of mullite formation in mechanically activated kaolinite–alumina ceramic system

The non-isothermal kinetics of mullite formation from both non-activated and mechanically activated kaolinite?+?alumina ceramic system have been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The mixture of kaolinite and alumina was activated mechanically in a planetary mill, while amorphization in the kaolinite and alumina structure was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The activation energies depending on the conversion for mullite formation have been calculated from the DTA curves by using the non-isothermal method of Coats and Redfern at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20?°C?min^?1. The mechanical activation of the kaolinite and alumina mixture resulted in the decrease in activation energy values for mullite formation.     

A new approach to the total synthesis of (±)‐20‐ epidasycarpidone

In this study, a new synthetic route to the total synthesis of (±)‐20‐ epidasycarpidone (1b) is described. This route involves acid catalyzed ring closure and the formation of the intermediate 13 in the key step. The relative stereochemistry of 13 has been confirmed by X‐ray structure analysis. The tetracyclic intermediate 13 was synthesized through several steps starting from 3. The removal of the protecting group of 13 yielded the lactam 15, which was reduced by Red‐Al® to give 16. The synthesis of (±)‐20‐ epidasycarpidone (1b) was finally completed by the oxidation of 16.     

Strongly enhanced orbital moment by reduced lattice symmetry and varying composition of Fe1-xCox alloy films

We studied tetragonally distorted Fe(1-x)Co(x) alloy films on Rh(001), which show a strong perpendicular anisotropy in a wide thickness and composition range. Analyzing x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra at the L_(3,2) edges we found a dependence of the Co magnetic orbital moment on the chemical composition of the Fe(1-x)Co(x) alloy films, with a maximum at x=0.6. For this composition, we observed an out-of-plane easy axis of magnetization at room temperature for film thickness up to 15 monolayers. Since both the magnetic orbital moment and the anisotropy energy show similar composition dependence, it confirms that both quantities are directly related. Our experiments show that the adjustment of the Fermi level by a proper choice of the alloy composition is decisive for the large magnetic orbital moment and for a large magnetic anisotropy in a tetragonally distorted lattice.     

FT‐IR,FT‐Raman,SERS spectra and computational calculations of 4‐ethyl‐N‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐nitrophenyl)benzamide

Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and FT‐Raman spectra of 4‐ethyl‐N‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐nitrophenyl)benzamide were recorded and analyzed. A surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum was recorded in silver colloid. The vibrational wavenumbers and corresponding vibrational assignments were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes. The red shift of the NH stretching wavenumber in the infrared spectrum from the computational wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring oxygen atom. The simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the CO stretching mode gives the charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. The presence of methyl modes in the SERS spectrum indicates the nearness of the methyl group to the metal surface, which affects the orientation and metal molecule interaction. The first hyperpolarizability and predicted infrared intensities are reported. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive subject for future studies of nonlinear optics. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with reported structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantum theory of longitudinal dielectric response properties of a two-dimensional plasma in a magnetic field

An analysis of dynamic and nonlocal longitudinal dielectric response properties of a two-dimensional Landau-quantized plasma is carried out, using a thermodynamic Green's function formulation of the RPA with a two-dimensional thermal Green's function for electron propagation in a magnetic field developed in closed form. The longitudinal-electrostatic plasmon dispersion relation is discussed in the low wavenumber regime with nonlocal corrections, and Bernstein mode structure is studied for arbitrary wavenumber. All regimes of magnetic field strength and statistics are investigated. The class of integrals treated here should have broad applicability in other two-dimensional and finite slab plasma studies.The two-dimensional static shielding law in a magnetic field is analyzed for low wavenumber, and for large distances we find $\text{V(}\text{r}\text{) ～}\text{Q}\text{k}{}_0{}^2\text{r}{}^3$. The inverse screening length $\text{k}{}_0\text{=}\text{2πe}{}^2\text{??}\text{?ξ}$ (? = density, ξ = chemical potential) is evaluated in all regimes of magnetic field strength and all statistical regimes. k₀ exhibits violent DHVA oscillatory behavior in the degenerate zero-temperature case at higher field strengths, and the shielding is complete when $\text{ξ = r′}\text{l}\text{z.shtsls;}\text{ω}$, but there is no shielding when $\text{ξ ≠ r′}\text{l}\text{z.shtsls;}\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{c}}$. A careful analysis confirms that there is no shielding at large distances in the degenerate quantum strong field limit $\text{l}\text{z.shtsls;}\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{> ξ}$. Since shielding does persist in the nondegenerate quantum strong field limit $\text{l}\text{z.shtsls;}\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{> KT}$, there should be a pronounced change in physical properties that depend on shielding if the system is driven through a high field statistical transition. (It should be noted that the static shielding law of semiclassical and classical models has no dependence on magnetic field in two dimensions, as in three dimensions.) Finally, we find that the zero field two-dimensional Freidel-Kohn “wiggle” static shielding phenomenon is destroyed by the dispersal of the zero field continuum of electron states into the discrete set of Landau-quantized orbitals due to the imposition of the magnetic field.