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61.
The authors have addressed theoretically the hydrodynamic effect on the translocation of DNA through nanopores. They consider the cases of nanopore surface charge being opposite to the charge of the translocating polymer. The authors show that, because of the high electric field across the nanopore in DNA translocation experiments, electro-osmotic flow is able to create an absorbing region comparable to the size of the polymer around the nanopore. Within this capturing region, the velocity gradient of the fluid flow is high enough for the polymer to undergo coil-stretch transition. The stretched conformation reduces the entropic barrier of translocation. The diffusion limited translocation rate is found to be proportional to the applied voltage. In the authors' theory, many experimental variables (electric field, surface potential, pore radius, dielectric constant, temperature, and salt concentration) appear through a single universal parameter. They have made quantitative predictions on the size of the adsorption region near the pore for the polymer and on the rate of translocation. 相似文献
62.
The kinetics of phase separation of aqueous solutions of sodium-poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) containing barium chloride (BaCl(2)) is studied by static and dynamic light scattering. We report a novel mechanism of phase separation, where an enrichment of polymer aggregates of well-defined size occurs in the very early stage of nucleation, which is then followed by a growth process in the formation of the new phase. In the latter stage, the polymer aggregates formed in the early stage act as the templating nuclei. Even in the homogeneous phase at higher temperatures above the upper critical phase boundary, polymer aggregates are present in agreement with previously reported results. Upon rapidly cooling the system below the phase boundary, the number concentration of the aggregates increases first by maintaining their size to be relatively monodisperse, before the growth process takes over at later times. The size and fractal dimension of aggregates in the homogeneous phase and the early nucleation stage of phase separation and the dependence of nucleation time and growth rate on quench depth and salt concentration are determined. The hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of the unaggregated chains is of the order of 1-10 nm depending on the molecular weight of NaPSS, while R(H) of aggregates is of the order of 100 nm independent of the molecular weight of NaPSS. Unaggregated chains follow good solution behavior with a fractal dimension of 5/3 while the fractal dimension of aggregates is larger than 3.5 suggesting the branched nature of aggregates. Nucleation time is sensitive to quench depth and salt concentration. Increasing a quench depth or increasing BaCl(2) concentration shortens the nucleation time. After the nucleation time, during the growth period, the size of aggregates grows linearly with time, with growth rate being higher for deeper quench depths and higher BaCl(2) concentrations. The mechanism of phase separation of aqueous solutions of NaPSS and BaCl(2) is seen to proceed by utilizing the already-existing aggregates to nucleate the new phase, in marked contrast to hitherto known results on phase separation in uncharged polymer systems. 相似文献
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We study the electronic structure of a strongly correlated d-wave superconducting state. Combining a renormalized mean field theory with direct calculation of matrix elements, we obtain explicit analytical results for the nodal Fermi velocity upsilon(F), the Fermi wave vector k(F), and the momentum distribution n(k) as a function of hole doping in a Gutzwiller projected d-wave superconductor. We calculate the energy dispersion E(k) and spectral weight of the Gutzwiller-Bogoliubov quasiparticles and find that the spectral weight associated with the quasiparticle excitation at the antinodal point shows a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of doping. Results are compared to angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy of the high-temperature superconductors. 相似文献
66.
The meso-tetra(para-aminophenyl) porphyrinatocobalt(II) (Co(II)MTpAP) and meso-tetra(para-aminophenyl)porphyrinatonickel(II) (Ni(II)MTpAP) were self-assembled on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and were utilized for the oxidation of hydrazine. The oxidation of hydrazine at the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of Co(II)MTpAP and Ni(II)MTpAP occurred at ?0.20 and 0.42 V, respectively. When compared to the SAM of Ni(II)MTpAP, Co(II)MTpAP SAM not only decreased the overpotential of hydrazine oxidation but also enormously increased its current. The oxidation of hydrazine was influenced by pH. While increasing the pH, the oxidation potential of hydrazine was shifted towards a less positive potential. Further, an inverted shape cyclic voltammogram (CV) was observed for the oxidation of hydrazine at Co(II)MTpAP-modified GCE, whereas a normal CV curve was observed at Ni(II)MTpAP-modified GCE. The appearance of the inverted shape peak for hydrazine oxidation at the SAM of Co(II)MTpAP is due to the oxidation of axially ligated hydrazine molecules during the reverse potential scan. The hydrazine oxidation was also performed at amine-functionalized cobalt and nickel phthalocyanine-modified electrodes in order to study the influence of a macrocyclic ring. Irrespective of the macrocyclic ring, an inverted shape CV was observed at cobalt phthalocyanine-modified electrode. 相似文献
67.
Shekhar Kumar M. Muthukumar P. K. Sinha U. Kamachi Mudali R. Natarajan 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2011,289(1):247-249
Phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone (FS-13) is a polar diluent, proposed in literature as an alternate to nitrobenzene, in UNEX/HCCD-PEG
processes for better physical properties. Its PVT properties and accurate expression for estimation of its vapour pressure
are not available in the literature. Recently PVT properties of FS-13 were estimated by authors and its vapour pressure was
experimentally measured at temperatures ranging from 263.15 to 363.15 K. In this paper, results of these studies are presented. 相似文献
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We have measured the ionic current signatures of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) as its single molecules translocate through an alpha-hemolysin pore embedded into a bilayer in a salty aqueous medium under an externally applied electric field. As in the previous experiments involving DNA and RNA, the pore current, which is a measure of the ionic conductivity of the low molar mass electrolyte ions, is significantly reduced when the polymer molecule translocates through the pore. The magnitude and the duration of the reduction in the pore current are measured for each of the translocation events. By studying thousands of events of reduction in the ionic current, we have constructed distribution functions for the extent of the reduced current and for the translocation time. The details of these distribution functions are significantly different from those for DNA and RNA. By investigating over two orders of magnitude in the molecular weight of the polymer, the average translocation time is found to be proportional to the molecular weight and inversely proportional to the applied voltage. This demonstration of threading a synthetic polyelectrolyte through a protein pore opens up many opportunities to systematically explore the fundamental physical principles behind translocation of single macromolecules, by resorting to the wide variety of synthetically available polymers without the complexities arising from the sequences of biological polymers. In addition, the present experiments suggest yet another experimental protocol for separation of polymer molecules directly in aqueous media. 相似文献