Spectrophotometric and visual detection of the herbicide atrazine by exploiting hydrogen bond-induced aggregation of melamine-modified gold nanoparticles

We report on a method for the determination of the herbicide atrazine in tap water samples using melamine-modified gold nanoparticles (Mel-AuNPs). If a solution containing atrazine is added to a solution of such NPs, a color change occurs from wine-red to blue. This is due to a transition from monodisperse to aggregated Mel-AuNPs and caused by strong hydrogen bonding between atrazine and melamine. The color change can be monitored by a UV–vis spectrophotometer or with bare eyes. The ratio of the absorbances at 640 and 523 nm is linearly related to the logarithm of the atrazine concentration in the 0.165 to 16.5 μM range, and (with different slope) in the 16.5 μM to 330 μM range. The detection limit of atrazine is as low as 16.5 nM (S/N = 3). The method was successfully applied to the determination of atrazine in spiked tap water and gave recoveries that ranged from 72.5 % to 102.3 %.

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Spatially Distributed Current Oscillations with Electrochemical Reactions in Microfluidic Flow Cells

The formation of spatiotemporal patterns is investigated by using a chemical reaction on the surface of a high‐aspect‐ratio metal electrode positioned in a flow channel. A partial differential equation model is formulated for nickel dissolution in sulfuric acid in a microfluidic flow channel. The model simulations predict oscillatory patterns that are spatially distributed on the electrode surface; the downstream portion of the metal surface exhibits large‐amplitude, nonlinear oscillations of dissolution rates, whereas the upstream portion displays small‐amplitude, harmonic oscillations with a phase delay. The features of the dynamical response can be interpreted by the dependence of local dynamics on the widely varying surface conditions and the presence of strong coupling. The patterns can be observed for both contiguous and segmented metal surfaces. The existence of spatially distributed current oscillations is confirmed in experiments with Ni electrodissolution in a microfluidic device. The results show the impact of a widely heterogeneous environment on the types of patterns of chemical reaction rates.     

基于支持向量机的非线性荧光光谱的识别

提出将支持向量机网络应用于含不同浓度杂质气体的非线性荧光光谱的识别。由于原始光谱数据的光谱通道数目很大,首先用小波变换去噪压缩,然后采用主成分分析方法对光谱信息进行连续两次的特征提取。在保持原光谱数据主要信息基本不变的情况下,将数据维数由3979压缩到514(小波变换)并提取9个主成分。这样,不仅减少了网络的输入维数,而且加快了网络的训练速度。实验结果表明,无论对训练样本还是未学习过的测试样本,其正确识别率均可达到100%。网络的训练和测试速度较快,可以更有效地应用于大气杂质气体的实时监测。     

Kinetics of glass transition and crystallization in multicomponent bulk amorphous alloys

Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used to investigate apparent activation energy of glass transition and crystallization of Zr-based bulk amorphous alloys by Kissinger equation under non-isothermal condition. It is shown that the glass transition behavior as well as crystallization reaction depends on the heating rate and has a characteristic of kinetic effects. After being isothermally annealed near glass transition temperature, the apparent activation energy of glass transition increases and the apparent activation energy of crystallization reaction decreases. However, the kinetic effects are independent of the pre-annealing.     

一个具有自适应取阈功能的光电网络系统及其性能分析

提出了用光电混合网络来完成自适应取阈功能的硬件实现方法。该网络系统能根据输入状态的不同,通过网络单元间的相互竞争而达到对系统的阈值的自适应调整,使阈值总是等于最大输入值而完成“胜者全取”（WTA）。该网络系统主要由非晶硅半导体PIN光电探测阵列和“胜者全取”电子网络组成。又由于系统完全采用并行处理方式,因而具有响应速度快、灵敏度高、寻址能力强、结构简单和性能稳定等优点,能方便有效地应用于自适应取阈、相关峰检测、联想存储等光电混合系统,对一个36个单元的网络进行了实验测试并对其性能进行了分析。     

用于实时识别三维物体的级联神经网络模型的优化方法

利用级联神经网络模型对多个三维目标进行识别 ,为提高其正确识别率 ,提出多种优化方法 ,它们可单独使用 ,也可以联合使用。对不变性编码、算法、互连权重的二值化方法、样本优选等进行了研究和探讨。利用优化后的模型对三个飞机模型在视场内的任意位置、任意取向 (面内旋转 36 0° ,面外旋转大于 45°)的投影进行识别。计算机模拟表明正确识别率达到 96 %以上。     

镁基非晶电极合金充放氢过程中的组织结构演变及其热力学计算

采用熔体快淬法制备了(Mg70.6Ni29.4)90Nd10的非晶贮氢合金带,用X射线衍射仪和高分辨电镜对该合金在充放电循环过程中的组织结构演变进行了动态跟踪。结果表明:非晶(Mg70.6Ni29.4)90Nd10贮氢合金在充放电循环过程中经过4个循环以后开始晶化,首先生成平均颗粒尺寸为5 nm左右的NdMg2Ni9相,经过6个循环以后开始出现Mg2Ni相,到第20个循环后,生成了稳定的Mg2Ni,α-Mg和Nd2H5相。这表明初生相NdMg2Ni9在充放电循环过程中逐渐转化为Mg2Ni,α-Mg和Nd2H5相。经过热力学计算进一步验证表明,非晶(Mg70.6Ni29.4)90Nd10合金在晶化过程中首先形成NdMg2Ni9相,因为它的自由能(ΔG=-15.2789 kJ.mol-1,T=300 K)与Mg-Ni相(ΔG=-8.2694 kJ.mol-1,T=300 K)和Mg-Nd相(ΔG=-13.29503 kJ.mol-1,T=300 K)相比是最低的。     

双曲线型结点组上的插值

本文讨论了R~2上的弧线型结点组之一:双曲线型结点组上插值的适定性问题。     

Pt－Mo／Al_2O_3和Pt－Co－Mo／Al_2O_3催化剂中Pt、Co助

利用ＴＰＲ、Ｈ_２－ＴＰＤ技术，考察了氢气氛下的Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３和Ｐｔ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３催化体系中物种和电荷交换的现象和规律，揭示了Ｐｔ和Ｃｏ在表面Ｍｏ物种还原过程中助剂作用的本质．Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３的ＴＰＲ、Ｈ_２－ＴＰＤ结果证明，由于微量Ｐｔ参与了表面Ｍｏ物种还原时的物种和电子交换，有效地降低了其还原温度．Ｒｔ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３在氢还原过程中，氢和Ｍｏ容易形成载有活动氢的氢物种，并储存在催化剂表面，这种活动氢在Ａｒ中，甚至Ａｒ－Ｈ２混合气中可以释放出来。Ｐｔ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的研究结果表明，Ｃｏ可以进一步促进Ｍｏ的还原．在样品预还原过程中，氢和Ｃｏ可以形成氢物种，其上的氢具有更强的可动性，很容易溢流到Ｍｏ物种的边上促进其还原．根据以上规律可以推测，加氢脱硫催化剂中Ｃｏ和贵金属的作用是使催化剂更容易形成低价的配位不饱和的钼中心，也就是ＨＤＳ活性中心．