Preparation and characterization of zwitterionic surfactant-modified montmorillonites

A series of zwitterionic surfactant-modified montmorillonites (ZSMMs) were synthesized using montmorillonite and three zwitterionic surfactants with different alkyl chain lengths at different concentrations [0.2-4.0 cation exchange capacity (CEC)]. These ZSMMs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) analyses. The zwitterionic surfactant could be intercalated into the interlayer spaces of montmorillonites and causing interlayer space-swelling. From XRD measurements, the amount of the surfactants loaded and the basal spacing increased with surfactant concentration and alkyl chain length. One endothermic DTG peak occurred at ~390 °C, which was assigned to the decomposition of the zwitterionic surfactant on the organo-montmorillonites from 0.2 to 0.6 CEC. When the surfactant loading was increased, a new endothermic peak appeared at ~340 °C. From the microstructures of these ZSMMs, the mechanism of zwitterionic surfactant adsorption was proposed. At relatively low loadings of the zwitterionic surfactant, most of surfactants enter the spacing by an ion-exchange mechanism and are adsorbed onto the interlayer cation sites. When the concentration of the zwitterionic surfactant exceeds the CEC of montmorillonite, the surfactant molecules then adhere to the surface-adsorbed surfactant. Some surfactants enter the interlayers, whereas the others are attached to the clay surface. When the concentration of surfactant increases further beyond 2.0 CEC, the surfactants may occupy the inter-particle space within the house-of-cards aggregate structure.     

Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on ��-Al2O3 nanoparticles/chitosan film-modified electrode

An amperometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ??-Al₂O₃/chitosan composite film at a glassy carbon electrode has been developed. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was detected with the aid of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid mediator to transfer electrons between the electrode and HRP. The morphology and composition of the modified electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The effects of HRP concentration, the applied potential, and the pH values of the buffer solution on the response of the sensor were investigated for optimum analytical performance. The proposed biosensor showed high sensitivity (0.249?A M^?1?cm^?2) and a fast response (<5?s) to H₂O₂ with the detection limit of 0.07???M. The linear response range of the enzyme electrode to H₂O₂ concentration was from 0.5 to 700???M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of the biosensor was calculated to be 0.818?mM, exhibiting a high enzymatic activity and affinity for H₂O₂.     

POSITIVE SOLUTION TO THREE-ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM WITH DEPENDENCE ON THE FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE

By cone theory and the fixed point index,we study the existence of positive solutions to a three-order boundary value problem with dependence on the first order derivative.     

利他偏好下供应链效率和公平度动态演进研究

根据零售商利他偏好信息非对称性和动态演进特征,将零供博弈信息结构分为4个演进过程,采用逆向归纳法求解各个过程中供应链主观效率和客观效率、以"公平熵"计算供应链主观公平度和客观公平度,从主观与客观2个维度分析供应链利他偏好行为对供应链效率和公平度动态演进的影响.通过对比分析得出:信息对称下零售商利他偏好行为不改变供应链利润但会改变各个成员在供应链中的利润分配比例,起到"供应链利润分配机制"的作用;供应链主观效率总是不低于客观效率,供应链主观公平度总是不低于客观公平度;从主观评价供应链能够实现协调且供应链能够兼顾效率和公平.     

磁控溅射(Ti,N)/Al纳米复合薄膜的微结构和力学性能

采用Al和TiN靶通过磁控共溅射方法, 制备了一系列Ti:N≈1的不同(Ti, N) 含量的铝基纳米复合薄膜, 利用X射线能量分散谱仪、X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜和纳米力学探针表征了薄膜的成分、 微结构和力学性能, 研究了(Ti, N)含量对复合薄膜微结构和力学性能的影响. 结果表明: Ti, N原子的共同加入使复合薄膜形成了同时具有置换固溶和间隙固溶特征的"双超过饱和固溶体", 薄膜的晶粒随着溶质含量的增加逐步纳米化, 并进一步形成非晶结构, 晶界区域形成溶质原子的富集区. 相应地, 复合薄膜的硬度在含1.8 at.%(Ti, N) 时就可迅速提高到3.9 GPa; 随着TiN含量的增加, 薄膜的硬度进一步提高到含17.1 at.%(Ti, N)时的8.8 GPa. 以上结果显示出Ti和N"双超过饱和固溶"对Al薄膜极其显著的强化效果.     

Parameter study of RF excited diffusively cooled all-metal slab waveguide CO2 laser

In this paper, we have investigated some parameters of a radio frequency (RF) excited diffusively cooled all-metal slab waveguide CO2 laser based on the modified Rigrod theory by introducing a waveguide coupling efficiency which designates the coupling between the waveguide and the resonator mirrors. The parameters of the laser small signal gain go, saturation intensity Is, and waveguide coupling efficiency η are studied theoretically and experimentally. In the experiments, three sets of output coupling flat mirrors with the different transitivities were used, and a maximum laser power output of 150 W was obtained from a gas discharge region of 2-mm height, 20-mm width, and 386-mm length coupled with a CASE-I optical waveguide resonator.     

绿色ACEL粉末材料的晶体粒度对发光性能的影响

目前粉末ＡＣＥＬ器件有三类：玻璃屏、塑料软屏和搪瓷屏．目前商品化的电致发光材料，每炉料大约在１００～２００克之间，粒度在１０μｍ左右，不能满足产业化的需求．影响发光材料亮度、寿命、粒度的主要因素有Ｃｕ的浓度、灼烧时间、退火方式和灼烧气氛［１，２，３］...     

模拟激光制导的实验设计

通过固定激光器，改变光学系统的状态，实现了模拟激光制导的目的。     

图的下测地数和上测地数

对于图G(或有向图D)内的任意两点u和v,u—v测地线是指在u和v之间(或从u到v)的最短路．I(u,v)表示位于u—v测地线上所有点的集合,对于S(?)V(G)(或V(D)),I(S)表示所有I(u,v)的并,这里u,v∈S．G(或D)的测地数g(G)(或g(D))是使I(S)=V(G)(或I(S)=V(D))的点集S的最小基数．G的下测地数g~-(G)=min{g(D)：D是G的定向图},G的上测地数g~ (G)=max{g(D)：D是G的定向图}．对于u∈V(G)和v∈V(H),G_u H_v表示在u和v之间加一条边所得的图．本文主要研究图G_u H_v的测地数和上(下)测地数．     

Unique normal forms for Hopf-zero vector fields

We consider normal forms of Hopf-zero vector fields in $\text{R}{}^3$. Unique normal forms under conjugacy and orbital equivalence for the generic case are given. To cite this article: G. Chen et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 336 (2003).