Measurements of velocity distributions with a laser doppler imaging system

A laser Doppler imaging system with a TV camera has been constructed and velocity distributions of fluid flow in cross sections of a rectangular channel have been measured. Consequently, it has been found that the system has some advantages in comparison with usual laser Doppler velocimeters, for example, the visualization of flow can be easily achieved.     

LambdaN spin-orbit splittings in (9)(Lambda)Be and (13)(Lambda)C studied with one-boson-exchange LambdaN interactions

Parametric x rays (PXR) produced by bombarding silicon and diamond crystals with electrons of 30 to 87 MeV were detected at 180 degrees relative to the direction of the electron beam. It was found that the dependence of the intensity on the orientation of the crystal agrees with the predictions of the kinematical theory of PXR. The absolute intensity is twice as large as predicted. These findings can be explained considering dynamical effects that govern the x-ray crystal interaction. Additionally, x rays caused by self-diffracted transition radiation have been observed.     

Luminescence imaging of biological subjects during X-ray irradiations lower energy than Cerenkov-light threshold

It is commonly thought that UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of biological subjects during X-ray irradiation at the energy below 120 keV is impossible because the secondary electrons produced in this energy range do not emit Cerenkov light. Contrary to this consensus, we found UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of the subjects were possible with X-ray irradiations of this energy range. We placed one of the biological subjects in a black box; visible-light luminescence images were measured with a high-sensitivity, cooled charge coupled device (CCD) camera during X-ray irradiation at energy below 120 keV. We also conducted the imaging of air without subjects during irradiation of the same X-ray. The biological subjects emitted visible-light luminescence, and the imaging was possible with the irradiation of the X-ray below 120 keV. The luminescence images were observed in only the X-ray irradiated areas. Also air luminescence images could be obtained and the intensity of the luminescence measured from the images was proportionally increased with the exposure dose. UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of biological subjects was possible during X-ray irradiations lower energy than the Cerenkov-light threshold. The phenomenon was different from general X-ray fluorescence because wavelength of the luminescence is UV or visible-light. The luminescence imaging method is promising for estimating the irradiated area with X-ray, which could be used for interventional radiology (IVR). Also air luminescence imaging would be applied to the exposure dose distribution measurements for X-ray of diagnostic X-ray systems.     

Predicting experimental yields as an index to rank synthesis routes II: application to the Curtius rearrangement

Synthesis yields of organic reactions are one of the most important factors in ranking synthesis routes created by synthesis route design systems such as Transform‐Oriented Synthesis Planning and Knowledge base‐Oriented Synthesis Planning. If it is possible to predict the yields of synthesis reactions before starting experiments, one can easily determine an order of synthesis routes for experimental works. In the present study, the reaction profiles of the Curtius rearrangement with different substituents were calculated to generate an equation predicting experimental yields of this reaction. Reactions followed by the formation of isocyanates were also analyzed to consider the relationship between reaction times and experimental yields. A partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate the experimental yields with the calculated activation energies, E_a(calc), together with experimental conditions such as dielectric constants of solvents, reaction times, and reaction temperatures as explanatory variables. Although the PLS regression using all the data gave very poor results, we succeeded in making a model equation with R² = 0.887 using a modified data set. However, there is a conflict between the predictability and the interpretability on the reaction time. This discrepancy mainly comes from unnecessarily long reaction times in the experiments for azides with calculated E_a values of less than 33 kcal mol^–1. To construct a good model equation for the experimental yields of the Curtius reaction, we have to use data sets obtained from within 90 min of the reaction for the PLS regression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Can a Circulating Light Beam Produce a Time Machine

In a recent paper, Mallett found a solution of the Einstein equations in which closed timelike curves (CTC’s) are present in the empty space outside an infinitely long cylinder of light moving in circular paths around an axis. Here we show that, for physically realistic energy densities, the CTC’s occur at distances from the axis greater than the radius of the visible universe by an immense factor. We then show that Mallett’s solution has a curvature singularity on the axis, even in the case where the intensity of the light vanishes. Thus it is not the solution one would get by starting with Minkowski space and establishing a cylinder of light.     

XPS analysis (ESCA) of the surface composition of poly(styrene/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microspheres produced by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization

Polymer microspheres composed of various compositions of styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were produced by batch emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. The HEMA content at the surface, [HEMA] _s , of the microspheres powdered by freeze-drying was determined by both quantitativeC ^1s /O ^1s analysis andC ^1s peak shape analysis of the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectra. When the HEMA content in the microsphere, [HEMA] _p , was less than about 5 mole%, the [HEMA] _s values determined by the two different methods showed good agreement. At [HEMA]_p above 5 mole %, [HEMA]_s values determined by the first method were about 15 mole % greater than those determined by the second. They both showed a similar tendency with the [HEMA] _s being higher than the [HEMA] _p , e.g., when [HEMA] _p was 1 mole %, [HEMA] _s was 11 mole %. The intensity of the satellite peak due to the ^* transition of the benzene ring of the styrene component decreased with an increase in [HEMA] _p , to zero at 5 mole % of [HEMA] _p . These results indicate that the HEMA component is localized at the surface.Part CVIII of the series Studies on Suspension and Emulsion.     

Sidelobe suppression of spectral response in holographic optical filter

In order to suppress sidelobes of holographic filter’s spectral response we propose to use weighting of grating intensity distribution along light propagation. This can be realized in photorefractive material (for example in LiNbO₃:Fe) by using spatial selective decaying of conventional uniform grating by illumination of light through some transparent mask. Experimental results show that it is able to obtain 8 dB improvement of sidelobe level compared to uniform grating. But it is accompanied by 1.7 times expansion of main lobe and two times decrease of diffraction efficiency.     

Vinyl polymerization. 179. Effects of substituents on chain transfer reaction of substituted cumenes toward poly(methyl methacrylate) radical

In order to study the effects of substituents on the chain transfer reaction to cumenes, the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a series of nuclear-substituted cumenes with α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator was carried out at 60°C. and the chain transfer constants C were determined. The C values obtained for all substituted cumenes were greater than that (C₀) for unsubstituted cumene, regardless of the electronattracting or -repelling nature of the substituents. Hence the plot of log (C/C₀) against the Hammett σ constants gave no linear relationship. When the plots were made by the modified Hammett equation including resonance effect of the substituents: log (C/C) = ρσ + γE_R, however, a straight line with ρ = 0.03 and γ = 0.9 was obtained. From these results, it may be concluded that the effect of the substitutents on the chain transfer reactivities of cumenes toward attack of a poly(methyl methacrylate) radical is attributable mainly to the resonance contribution in the transition state. These results are also compared with those for polystyryl radical reported previously and discussed.     

Geometrical limitations in the intramolecular addition of unsymmetrical allylsilanes to enones

The geometrical constraints of the fluoride-initiated and Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular addition of allylsilanes to enone systems were shown to be governed by kinetic-ring-size preferences. Molecules containing adjacent quaternary carbon atoms can be prepared using this method.