首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   58897篇
  免费   776篇
  国内免费   302篇
化学   27370篇
晶体学   1026篇
力学   3199篇
综合类   8篇
数学   4653篇
物理学   23719篇
  2022年   535篇
  2021年   478篇
  2020年   446篇
  2019年   424篇
  2018年   571篇
  2017年   496篇
  2016年   892篇
  2015年   635篇
  2014年   988篇
  2013年   2495篇
  2012年   2333篇
  2011年   3010篇
  2010年   2123篇
  2009年   2172篇
  2008年   2750篇
  2007年   2586篇
  2006年   2455篇
  2005年   2174篇
  2004年   1984篇
  2003年   1754篇
  2002年   1647篇
  2001年   3005篇
  2000年   2150篇
  1999年   1554篇
  1998年   1080篇
  1997年   1057篇
  1996年   884篇
  1995年   783篇
  1994年   704篇
  1993年   623篇
  1992年   951篇
  1991年   946篇
  1990年   849篇
  1989年   747篇
  1988年   731篇
  1987年   795篇
  1986年   654篇
  1985年   882篇
  1984年   828篇
  1983年   569篇
  1982年   563篇
  1981年   533篇
  1980年   496篇
  1979年   621篇
  1978年   650篇
  1977年   660篇
  1976年   575篇
  1975年   481篇
  1974年   521篇
  1973年   450篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 26 毫秒
61.
3 thin films is systematically studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The PbTiO3 thin films with different average grain sizes were prepared on various substrates by a sol-gel process. The films on NaCl and fused glass are randomly grain-oriented, while those on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si are highly {100} cubic index grain-oriented . It is found from the XRD patterns of the films on NaCl that with decreasing average grain size from 230 to 80 nm, the intensities of high h index (h>l) peaks (hkl), such as (100), (110), (200), (201), (210), (211), etc., decrease rapidly and ultimately disappear, whereas another set of peaks (lkh), including (001), (002), (102), (112), etc., are still intense. This interesting result suggests that at grain size below a certain critical size an increasing number of grains no longer show 90°-domains, which is confirmed by TEM observations. Meanwhile, X-ray evidence of such a grain-size-related absence of 90°-domains is also found for PbTiO3 films on Pt(111) and fused-glass substrates. The volume fractions of single-domain grains (without 90°-domains) in the films are estimated from their XRD patterns. By combining SEM and TEM investigations, the critical grain size for the formation of 90°-domains is further determined to be near 200 nm. Received: 19 December 1996/Accepted: 24 March 1997  相似文献   
62.
The phase diagram of the nematic mesophase present in the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium bromide/water ternary system was determined. A calamitic nematic mesophase (NC) was observed which extends to very high concentrations of electrolyte. The order parameters of the surfactant head group in the mesophases were studied by the NMR quadrupolar splitting of the deuterated surfactant. On increasing the temperature of nematic mesophases with low electrolyte concentrations, a phase separation occurs with the formation of a more highly ordered hexagonal phase and an isotropic phase. Diffusion measurements of the isotropic micellar solution by the NMR PFG method were used to estimate hydrodynamic radii at low surfactant concentrations and to study micelle diffusion as the concentration of the surfactant was increased to the liquid crystalline region. At higher surfactant concentrations, the diffusion coefficient reached a limiting value. The calamitic nematic mesophase in this surfactant/electrolyte/water system appears to be formed by long wormlike micelles.  相似文献   
63.
We present Miura transformations for the continuous and several discrete Painlev\'e I equations. In the case of the continuous PI, we use the Hamiltonian formulation of the Painlev\'e equations and show that there exists a Miura transformation between PI and the binomial, second degree, equation of Cosgrove SDV. In the case of the discrete PI's we obtain two different kinds of Miuras. One kind relates a d-PI to some other d-PI while the other leads to discrete four-point equations which are the discrete analogs of the derivative of Cosgrove's equation SDV.  相似文献   
64.
In the paper, the dynamic modelling and control are presented for a simply supported beam under a moving mass. The equations of motion are obtained based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory by including the dynamic effect of a moving mass travelling along a vibrating path. The equations of motion are discretized by using the assumed modes method with the static deflection of the beam. In order to reduce the deflection of the beam under a moving mass, a controller with full state feedback is designed based on linearized equations of motion. Two piezoelectric actuators are bonded along the bottom of the beam at different locations determined by the minimization of an optimal cost functional. Numerical simulations are performed with respect to different constant velocities and different moving masses. The controller with two piezoelectric actuators shows excellent performance under unknown disturbances to the system.  相似文献   
65.
66.
A general theoretical analysis of the effect of film thickness on equilibrium and kinetic surface segregation in binary alloy thin films is presented. In this analysis, a constrained condition that represents the finite size of thin film system has been introduced to the modified Darken model, which has been used to describe both equilibrium and kinetic surface segregation in bulk materials. Simulation of surface segregation for alloy thin films can be carried out for all composition ranges and all film thicknesses if only knowing the surface segregation parameters for bulk materials. Simulations of equilibrium and kinetic surface segregation in Cu(1 1 1)Ag binary alloy thin film are presented.  相似文献   
67.
A series of novel soluble pyridazinone‐ or pyridazine‐containing poly(arylene ether)s were prepared by a polycondensation reaction. The pyridazinone monomer, 6‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one ( 1 ), was synthesized from the corresponding acetophenone and glyoxylic acid in a simple one‐pot reaction. The pyridazinone monomer was successfully copolymerized with bisphenol A (BPA) or 1,2‐dihydro‐4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin‐1(2H)‐one (DHPZ) and bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone to form high‐molecular‐weight polymers. The copolymers had inherent viscosities of 0.5–0.9 dL/g. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the copolymers synthesized with BPA increased with increasing content of the pyridazinone monomer. The Tg's of the copolymers synthesized from DHPZ with different pyridazinone contents were similar to those of the two homopolymers. The homopolymers showed Tg's from 202 to 291 °C by differential scanning calorimetry. The 5% weight loss temperatures in nitrogen measured by thermogravimetric analysis were in the range of 411–500 °C. 4‐(6‐Chloropyridazin‐3‐yl)phenol ( 2 ) was synthesized from 1 via a simple one‐pot reaction. 2 was copolymerized with 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol and bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone to form high‐Tg polymers. The copolymers with less than 80 mol % pyridazinone or chloropyridazine monomers were soluble in chlorinated solvents such as chloroform. The copolymers with higher pyridazinone contents and homopolymers were not soluble in chlorinated solvents but were still soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as N‐methylpyrrolidinone. The soluble polymers could be cast into flexible films from solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3328–3335, 2006  相似文献   
68.
Hydrogels have been widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and Bio‐MEMS devices. In this article, the equilibrium swelling/deswelling of the pH‐stimulus cylindrical hydrogel in the microchannel is studied and simulated by the meshless method. The multi‐field coupling model, called multi‐effect‐coupling pH‐stimulus (MECpH) model, is presented and used to describe the chemical field, electric field, and the mechanical field involved in the problem. The partial differential equations (PDEs) describing these three fields are either nonlinear or coupled together. This multi‐field coupling and high nonlinear characteristics produce difficulties for the conventional numerical methods (e.g., the finite element method or the finite difference method), so an alternative—meshless method is developed to discretize the PDEs, and the efficient iteration technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear problem. The computational results for the swelling/deswelling diameter of the hydrogel under the different pH values are firstly compared with experimental results, and they have a good agreement. The influences of other parameters on the mechanical properties of the hydrogel are also investigated in detail. It is shown that the multi‐field coupling model and the developed meshless method are efficient, stable, and accurate for simulation of the properties of the stimuli‐sensitive hydrogel. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 326–337, 2006  相似文献   
69.
The novel NAD+-linked opine dehydrogenase from a soil isolate Arthrobacter sp. strain 1C belongs to an enzyme superfamily whose members exhibit quite diverse substrate specificites. Crystals of this opine dehydrogenase, obtained in the presence or absence of co-factor and substrates, have been shown to diffract to beyond 1.8 ? resolution. X-ray precession photographs have established that the crystals belong to space group P21212, with cell parameters a = 104.9, b = 80.0, c = 45.5 ? and a single subunit in the asymmetric unit. The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of this enzyme will provide a structural framework for this novel class of dehydrogenases to enable a comparison to be made with other enzyme families and also as the basis for mutagenesis experiments directed towards the production of natural and synthetic opine-type compounds containing two chiral centres.  相似文献   
70.
Solid conversion has been of much interest to research workers and the Cumulative Gas Concentration Method (CGCM) has been developed to provide bounds for the reactant solid in irreversible systems having power-law type kinetics. This CGCM is used in conjunction with the Pseudo-Steady-State (PSS) assumption and these bounds appear to be good under certain conditions and for long times.

In this work, the PSS condition is not assumed when deriving the bounds on the cumulative gas concentration and the effect of the inclusion of the transient part is analysed. A technique, based on an iterative scheme incorporating the CGCM, is developed to provide improved estimates for the reactant solid.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号