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171.
Uniform nanospheres with tunable size down to 30 nm were prepared simply by heating amphiphilic block copolymers in polar solvents. Unlike reverse micelles prepared in nonpolar, oily solvents, these nanospheres have a hydrophilic surface, giving them good dispersibility in water. Furthermore, they are present as individual, separated, rigid particles upon casting from the solution other than continuous thin films of merged micelles cast from micellar solution in nonpolar solvents. These nanospheres were generated by a heating-enabled micellization process in which the affinity between the solvent and the polymer chains as well as the segmental mobility of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks was enhanced, triggering the micellization of the glassy copolymers in polar solvents. This heating-enabled micellization produces purely well-defined nanospheres without interference of other morphologies. The micelle sizes and corona thickness are tunable mainly by changing the lengths of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks, respectively. The heating-enabled micellization route for the preparation of polymeric nanospheres is extremely simple, and is particularly advantageous in producing rigid, micellar nanospheres from block copolymers with long glassy, hydrophobic blocks which are otherwise difficult to prepare with high efficiency and purity. Furthermore, encapsulation of hydrophobic molecules (e.g., dyes) into micelle cores could be integrated into the heating-enabled micellization, leading to a simple and effective process for dye-labeled nanoparticles and drug carriers.  相似文献   
172.
利用两两NQD列部分和矩不等式和截尾法,探讨了两两NQD列的完全收敛性和强大数定律,所获结论推广并改进了相关文献已有结果.  相似文献   
173.
An efficient compact diode-pumped Yb:YAl3(BO3)4 laser operating at room temperature is demonstrated. Output powers of 14.0 and 8.5 W are generated in continuous-wave and passively Q-switched operation, respectively. Laser pulses of 262.8 μJ in energy and 8.1 ns in duration are obtained, the corresponding peak power amounting to 32.4 kW.  相似文献   
174.
With emergencies being, unfortunately, part of our lives, it is crucial to efficiently plan and allocate emergency response facilities that deliver effective and timely relief to people most in need. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) allocation problems deal with locating EMS facilities among potential sites to provide efficient and effective services over a wide area with spatially distributed demands. It is often problematic due to the intrinsic complexity of these problems. This paper reviews covering models and optimization techniques for emergency response facility location and planning in the literature from the past few decades, while emphasizing recent developments. We introduce several typical covering models and their extensions ordered from simple to complex, including Location Set Covering Problem (LSCP), Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP), Double Standard Model (DSM), Maximum Expected Covering Location Problem (MEXCLP), and Maximum Availability Location Problem (MALP) models. In addition, recent developments on hypercube queuing models, dynamic allocation models, gradual covering models, and cooperative covering models are also presented in this paper. The corresponding optimization techniques to solve these models, including heuristic algorithms, simulation, and exact methods, are summarized.  相似文献   
175.
The structural and optical properties of pure and Na-doped ZnO thin films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atom force microscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The crystal structure of all the thin films is the hexagonal wurtzite. The average grain size and surface roughness increases with the increase of the Na/Zn ratio. The optical band gap of the thin films decreases from 3.26 to 3.12 eV by increasing the Na/Zn ratio from 0.0 to 0.10. Transmittance spectra were used to determine the optical constants of the thin films, and the effect of Na/Zn ratio on the optical constants was investigated. With the increase of Na/Zn ratio, the refractive index decreases and the extinction coefficient increases in the 380-700 nm spectral range.  相似文献   
176.
We have developed a simple method for the preparation of highly fluorescent and stable, water-soluble CdTe quantum dots in sol-gel-derived composite silica spheres that were coated with calix[6]arene. The resulting nanoparticles (NP) were characterized in terms of UV, fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy and by TEM. The results show that the new NPs display more intense fluorescence intensity and are more stable than its precursors of the type SiO2/CdTe. In addition, the new NPs exhibit a higher selectivity for the determination of Hg2+ than for other metal ions. Under the optimum conditions, the relative fluorescence intensity decreases with the concentration of Hg2+ in the range from 2.0 to 14.0?nmol?L?1 and the detection limit is 1.55?nmol?L?1. The method is based on the quenching of fluorescence by Hg2+ and expected to serve as a practical fluorescence test for rapid detection of Hg2+. A mechanism is suggested to explain the inclusion process by a Langmuir binding isotherm, and fluorescence quenching is best described by the Stern-Volmer equation.
Figure
The Scheme suggests that we synthesis of CdTe nanocystals in sol-gel-derived composite silica spheres coated with Calix[6]arene (C[6]/SiO2/CdTe NPs). The new C[6]/SiO2/CdTe NPs display more intense fluorescence intensity and are more stable than its precursors of the type SiO2/CdTe NPs. Under the optimum conditions, the relative fluorescence intensity decreases with the concentration of Hg2+. The C[6]/SiO2/CdTe NPs as fluorescent probes can be used for ultrasensitive, highly selective, simple, convenient and rapidly efficient detection of extremely trace amount of heavy metal ion Hg2+.  相似文献   
177.
8‐Hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) is a sensitive biomarker for DNA oxidative damage. However, its determination in human urine is confounded by trace level and complex matrix. In this study, a new configuration of on‐line solid phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection was established with molecularly imprinted monolithic column as extraction sorbent. The tailor made monolith exhibited high extraction efficiency with the enrichment factor 101.84 for 8‐OHdG owing to its special porous structure and inherent selectivity. Under optimal condition, appreciable sensitivity had been achieved for this incorporation with limit of detection 2.04 nmol/L (S/N = 3) and limit of quantification 7.12 nmol/L (S/N = 10), respectively. Precise determination with wide range linearity (0.007–5.00 μmol/L) afforded a practical alternative in urinary 8‐OHdG analysis and 107 different subjects had been successfully analyzed. This newly developed method embodied useful prospect for the investigation of DNA oxidative damage with less expense, convenient maintenance and ease of operation  相似文献   
178.
CONVERGENCE BALL OF ITERATIONS WITH ONE PARAMETER   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
§1Introduction OfthevariousiterationmethodsusedtosolvetheequationF(x)=0,thefamilyof iterativemethodswithoneparameter xn+1=xn-I+12PF(I-αPF)-1F′(xn)-1F(xn),PF(x)=F′(x)-1F″(x)F′(x)-1F(x),α∈[0,1],(1)isremarkablebecauseitincludesthesuper-Halleymethod,theChebyshevmethodand Halley'smethodasitsspecialcaseswhenαisequalto1,0and1/2,respectively.Thereareanumberofpapersconcerningtheabovethreeiterations.In[1-7],Halley's methodisstudied.Amongthesereferences,[1]givestheconvergenceofHalley'sme…  相似文献   
179.
A novel MoS2 quantum dots/CoSe2 nanosheet (MoS2 QDs/CoSe2) hybrid with 0D/2D heterostructure has been developed. The CoSe2 nanosheets (NSs) enable an excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with increasing vacancy configuration on one hand, while the MoS2 QDs serve as an eminent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst on the other. By integrating MoS2 QDs and CoSe2 NSs, the hybrid exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performances in HER and OER. The unique 0D/2D hetero‐interface increases the exposed active sites and facilitates electron transfer, thereby boosting the electrocatalytic activity. Relatively low overpotentials of 82 mV and 280 mV are required to drive the current density of 10 mA/cm2 for HER and OER, with corresponding Tafel slopes of 69 and 75 mV/dec, respectively. As such, this work provides an efficient yet simple approach to construct bifunctional electrocatalysts with enhanced activity and stability.  相似文献   
180.
Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major otopathogens of otitis media (OM) in childhood. M. catarrhalis tends to form biofilm, which contributes to the chronicity and recurrence of infections, as well as resistance to antibiotic treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL; 405 nm), an innovative nonpharmacological approach, for the inactivation of M. catarrhalis OM. M. catarrhalis either in planktonic suspensions or 24-h old biofilms were exposed to aBL at the irradiance of 60 mW cm−2. Under an aBL exposure of 216 J cm−2, a >4-log10 colony-forming units (CFU) reduction in planktonic suspensions and a >3-log10 CFU reduction in biofilms were observed. Both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed aBL-induced morphological damage in M. catarrhalis. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography results indicated that protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin were the two most abundant species of endogenous photosensitizing porphyrins. No statistically significant reduction in the viability of HaCaT cells was observed after an aBL exposure of up to 216 J cm−2. Collectively, our results suggest that aBL is potentially an effective and safe alternative therapy for OM caused by M. catarrhalis. Further in vivo studies are warranted before this optical approach can be moved to the clinics.  相似文献   
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