<Superscript>40</Superscript>K activities and potassium concentrations in tobacco samples of Mexican cigarettes

Nine brands of tobacco cigarettes manufactured and distributed in the Mexican market were analyzed by γ-spectrometry to certify their non-artificial radioactive contamination. Since natural occurring radioactive materials (NORM) ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U, and ²³⁹U (and decay products from the latter three nuclides) are the main sources for human radiation exposure, the aim of this work was to determine the activity of ⁴⁰K and potassium concentration. Averages of ⁴⁰K and potassium concentration were of 1.29±0.18 Bq·g⁻¹, and 4.0±0.57%. The annual dose equivalents to the whole body from ingestion and inhalation of 26 Bq ⁴⁰K were 0.23 μSv and 15.8 μSv, respectively. The corresponding 50 years committed dose equivalents was 0.23 μSv. The total committed dose to the lungs due to inhalation of ⁴⁰K in tobacco was 16 μSv. Potassium concentrations obtained in this work were in the same range of those obtained by INAA, so showing that the used technique is acute, reproducible, and accessible to laboratories equipped with low background scintillation detectors.     

Clustering study in Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped polymer optical fibers by optical properties and near-field scanning microscopy

The clusters of Eu3+ ion in Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) have been studied by three means. The relative fluorescence intensity ratio of the 5D0 → 7F2 to 5D0 → 7F1 transitions with different concentrations of Eu3+ in Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped PMMA and metastable-state (5D0) lifetime dependence on Eu3+ concentration are analyzed. The analysis indicates that there are no clustering effects in Eu3+ ions of Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped PMMA when the Eu3+ doping concentration is up to 1.0 wt.-%. At the same time, the clustering effect has not been observed by the scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) in Eu(DBM)3Phen-doped PMMA with 1.0 wt.-% of Eu3+ ions. The analysis reveals that a high concentration of Eu3+ can be incorporated into polymer optical fiber (POF) without clustering effect.OCIS codes: 180.5810, 300.6280, 250.5460, 160.5690.     

四能级原子系统中量子相干增强的Kerr非线性效应的研究

应用密度矩阵方程计算了四能级原子系统中三阶非线性极化率随信号光和探针光频率失谐的变化关系。结果表明，由于量子干涉对信号光强度的敏感性，使四能级原子介质的交叉Kerr非线性作用大大增强，与三能级系统相比，四能级原子介质的Kerr非线性系数可增强两个数量级。     

Development of a Millimeter Wave Compact Equipment for NDT of Materials

We developed a compact equipment working at 94 GHz to replace the commonly used network analyzer for nondestructive testing of materials. The compact equipment was designed to measure the variations in the amplitude and phase of the reflected signal from the material relative to a reference signal. A good accuracy of the amplitude and phase measurement of the equipment was obtained in the confirmative experiments. The distribution of a drop of water in a wood plate is clearly visible in the millimeter wave images obtained by the amplitude and phase measurement.     

关于"惯性秤"实验的思考

介绍了惯性秤的基本原理，分析了惯性秤不同放置情况的测量结果。     

物理实验教学与中学生辩证逻辑思维能力的培养

阐述了如何在辩证逻辑基本规律——对立统一规律指导下，通过挖掘物理实验中蕴涵的辩证逻辑思维素材，在物理实验教学中有意识地培养学生的辩证逻辑思维能力。     

用光学差分吸收光谱监测大气中污染气体浓度

在实验室内模拟测量了实际大气中污染气体的差分吸收光谱 (DOAS) .本文在介绍差分吸收光谱技术同时 ,分析计算了污染气体的浓度 .实验设计中被测气体为大气中的 2种主要污染气体 :工业锅炉的主要排放物SO2 和机动车尾气的主要成分NO .用氘灯作为光源测量其在紫外波段的特征吸收 ,并通过光纤束连接光栅光谱仪 ,由计算机自动采集和处理数据 .     

Rapid syntheses of oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s via iterative convergent approach

A general and controlled bidirectional growth strategy enable a very rapid and efficient construction of oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s possessing functional groups such as methylthio and thioacetate groups at both ends. The strategy employs only one reaction type with good to moderate yields to grow the conjugated chains. The synthesis is efficient and can give 23 benzene rings and 22 carbon-carbon triple bonds in the conjugated chains. The compounds are fully characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR and UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.     

Ultrasonic investigation of amorphous carbon in various frequencies at low temperatures from 2.1 to 300 K

Using pulse echo overlap measurement, the elastic behavior of amorphous carbon has been studied at ambient and low temperatures. The smaller ratio B/G of the bulk modulus to shear modulus and smaller Poisson's ratio σ at room temperature indicate that there is an intrinsic stiffening of transverse acoustic phonons in the amorphous carbon. The acoustic velocity and attenuation for longitudinal modes have been measured between 2.1 and 300 K at three frequencies of 7, 21 and 35 MHz, respectively. Their frequency and temperature dependence are observed. The elastic constant C₁₁ increases with decreasing temperature and show enhanced stiffening at low temperatures. In the 130-220 K region, the abnormal change and effect of longitudinal velocity and attenuation with temperature and frequency, and a phase transition associated with structure relaxations are discussed.     

Hybrid inorganic/organic interpenetrating polymer networks based on zeolite 13x and polystyrene

A hybrid inorganic/organic interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of a three-dimensional network structure zeolite crystal (13X, powder) and crosslinked or linear polystyrene (PS) was prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state¹³C-NMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size and shape of the crystalline zeolite particles were revealed on SEM micrographs in both the pure zeolite and the IPNs. Solubility tests and the results of DSC with solid-state ¹³C-NMR confirm that some organic PS chains are incorporated within the internal three-dimensional channels of the zeolite particles. We speculate that the internal PS chains may adopt an extended “one-dimensional” conformation and exhibit no bulk polymer glass transition. These novel hybrid inorganic/organic IPNs are a new kind of IPN structure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.