Application of fluid dynamic gauging to annular test apparatuses for studying fouling and cleaning

Fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) is a non-contact technique for measuring the thickness and strength of fouling layers immersed in liquid in situ. Its application to an annular geometry across a range of possible flow conditions, from stagnant to turbulent flow regimes (annulus Reynolds number ∼29,000), is demonstrated. Two modes of measurement are demonstrated: in the first, the pressure drop across the nozzle is fixed and the mass flow rate of liquid withdrawn through the gauge is measured. In the second, the mass flow rate of liquid is fixed and the pressure drop measured: the latter is a new mode of measurement and it is shown to perform equally well, with advantages for particular applications. The results were not affected significantly by the surface under study being heated, indicating that the technique is suitable for measuring deposit thicknesses insitu during fouling and cleaning experiments in annular devices which are commonly used in deposition studies. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which afford detailed information about the flow patterns and shear stresses imposed on the surface, showed good agreement with experimental data for tests in the laminar regime: simulation of the transitional and turbulent regimes was not attempted. A short study of whey protein fouling recorded mixed success owing to the softness of the deposit, but demonstrated the scope for FDG to monitor the development of fouling layers in these geometries.     

评估固体激光器对流换热系数的方法

 为提高固体激光器的热管理效果,提出了一种使用316L不锈钢片代替激光晶体评估固体激光器表面对流换热系数的方法。在低冷却水温的条件下,使用快响应热电偶对替代片和出口水流的动态温度进行测量,应用有限元方法计算不同对流换热系数下替代片的动态温度,讨论了对流换热系数对重频大能量激光器热效应的影响。通过寻找测量值和计算值的最小方差,得到该冷却结构下的激光器表面对流换热系数为3 500 W·m^-2·K^-1。     

An improved method for the preparations of nanostructured lipid carriers containing heat-sensitive bioactives

Heat-sensitive bioactive compounds such as β-carotene and tocols, are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Their chemical stability in delivery systems is one of the major concerns in the production of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). A previously established high-temperature high-pressure homogenisation technique involved in the preparation of NLCs can cause degradation of heat-sensitive compounds. Therefore, a novel preparation process needs to be developed to minimise the degradation of heat-sensitive active compounds during the preparation of NLCs. In this work, modified methods A and B were designed to minimise the degradation of β-carotene and tocols during the production of NLCs. These methods improved the chemical stability of heat-sensitive bioactive compounds (β-carotene and tocols) significantly compared to the previously established method. The physical stability of the formulation was maintained throughout study duration.     

Pretreatment of Corn Stover Silage with Fe(NO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript> for Fermentable Sugar Production

Corn stover silage is an attractive raw material for the production of biofuels and chemicals due to its high content of carbohydrates and easy degradability. The effects of Fe(NO₃)₃ pretreatment conditions on sugar yields were investigated for corn stover silage. In addition, a combined severity factor was used to evaluate the effect of pretreatment conditions on the concentration of total sugars and inhibitors. Optimum pretreatment condition was obtained at 150 °C for 10 min with 0.05 M Fe(NO₃)₃, at which the yields of soluble xylose and glucose in liquid achieved 91.80% of initial xylose, 96.74% of initial arabinose and 19.09% of initial glucose, respectively, meanwhile, 91.84% of initial xylose, 98.24% of initial arabinose, and 19.91% of initial glucose were removed. In addition, a severity analysis showed that the maximum sugar concentration of 33.48 g/l was achieved at combined severity parameter value of 0.62, while the inhibitor concentration was only 0.03 g/l. Fe(NO₃)₃ is an effective catalyst to enhance hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover silage, the yields of monomeric xylose in the liquid fraction reached as high as 91.06% of initial xylose and 96.22% of initial arabinose, respectively.     

钯-稀土催化一氧化碳和苯乙烯交替共聚反应

 利用稀土钇盐或钕盐和乙酸钯组成的催化体系催化一氧化碳和苯乙烯共聚,合成了聚(1-氧代-2-苯基丙撑). 用元素分析、红外光谱、示差扫描量热、热重分析及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对共聚产物进行了表征. 测试结果表明,共聚物为一氧化碳和苯乙烯的线性交替共聚产物,其玻璃化温度为235 ℃,熔点为250 ℃,分解温度为325 ℃,且用XPS未检测到聚合物中含有残留的金属. 同时考察了催化剂组分2,2′-联吡啶、对甲苯磺酸和对苯醌及溶剂甲醇等的用量对共聚反应的影响,并对聚合反应条件进行了优化. 在优化的反应条件下稀土与钯组成的复合催化剂对一氧化碳和苯乙烯交替共聚的催化活性可达1200 g/(g·h).     

Effect of carbon on the microstructural evolution of Zr66.7−xNi33.3Cx (x = 0, 1, 3) alloys during mechanical alloying

In the present paper, the effect of carbon on the microstructural evolution of Zr_66.7−xNi_33.3C_x (x = 0, 1, 3) alloys during mechanical alloying has been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that these three alloys undergo similar amorphization and crystallization processes, and the final milling product is a metastable fcc-Zr_66.7−xNi_33.3C_x phase. The carbon addition can shorten the milling time for the complete amorphization reaction and enhance the stability of the formed amorphous alloy, which can suppress the mechanically induced amorphous-crystalline phase transformation with further increasing milling time.     

2020年毛细管电泳技术年度回顾

该文为2020年毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis,CE)技术年度回顾.归纳总结了以"capillary electro-phoresis-mass spectrometry"或"capillary isoelectric focusing"或"micellar electrokinetic...     

分离技术在新型冠状病毒研究和防疫检测中的应用

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的爆发给世界公共卫生安全带来前所未有的挑战.随着新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)相关研究的不断深入,众多分析检测技术相继被应用,推动了病毒检测、疫苗和创新疗法的研发,从而使疫情早日得到控制.分离技术作为生命科学、医学、药学领域的关键技术,操作简单,分离效率高,选择性强,在新型...     

双配体配位的Ni(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)金属配合物的结构和性能

本文采用水热合成法制备了两个含有咪唑类配体的配位聚合物:{Ni(nip)(p-bix)(H₂O)₂}_n (1)和{Cu(bbi)(dgc)}_n (2) (nip=5-硝基间苯二甲酸;p-bix=1,4-双(咪唑基-1-甲基)苯;bbi=1,1’-(1,4-丁二基)二咪唑;dgc=3,3-二甲基戊二酸)。通过 X 射线单晶衍射、元素分析、PXRD和TGA对配合物进行表征。结果表明,配合物1为具有规则有序孔道结构的一维双链结构,其孔道结构中的—NO₂赋予金属有机框架(MOF)潜在的应用价值。此外,在分子间氢键的作用下,一维链拓展成三维超分子网络结构。而配合物2则是四连接的{6⁵·8}三维拓扑结构,两个配体通过螺旋式盘绕出规则的孔道架构,丰富的分子间氢键使其骨架结构更加稳固。在2~300 K,外加磁场1 000 Oe的条件下,对这两个配合物进行磁学性质研究,在测定的温度范围内对测试的变温磁化率数据进行居里-外斯线性拟合,拟合得到配合物1和2的居里外斯温度分别为1.73 K和6.78 K,证明两种配合物之间均存在弱的铁磁相互作用。     

Microporous polymeric materials by microemulsion terpolymerization

Transparent microstructural solid polymers have been prepared by polymerization of methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and reactive sodium 11-(N-ethylacrylamido) undecanoate in microemulsions. The transparent polymeric solids could be formed from fluid microemulsions within 10 minutes by photoinitiated polymerization. SEM micrographs of the polymerized samples reveal the existence of microporous structures. The results seem to indicate that the open-cell porous structures of transparent polymers could be obtained from those precursor microemulsions with water content higher than 20% or the closed-cell structures from those with less than 20%.