Efficient generation of 200 mJ nanosecond pulses at 100 Hz repetition rate from a cryogenic cooled Yb:YAG MOPA system

A diode-pumped Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) laser system based on cryogenic cooled Yb:YAG has been designed, developed and its output performance characterised. The laser system consists of a fibre oscillator, an active mirror regenerative amplifier and a four pass main amplifier. 2.4 mJ, 10 ns, 100 Hz seed pulses from the fibre oscillator/regenerative amplifier arrangement were amplified up to pulse energies of over 200 mJ by using the four pass main amplifier arrangement. As a further study we have obtained an increased slope efficiency of 40% and an optical-to-optical efficiency of 30% using a pinhole vacuum spatial filter/image relay for laser mode control. With 1.8 mJ input seed pulses, output pulse energies of around 150 mJ were achieved.     

基于激光吸收光谱开放式长光程的空气中甲烷在线监测及分析

研制了一套基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的开放式长光程甲烷(CH4)浓度实时监测系统,系统采用波长调制和二次谐波探测相结合,并利用光强归一化的方法消除光强波动对测量结果产生的影响,实验证明采用消除光强波动的方法后使测量结果的误差小于2%.然后利用该系统在往返750 m的光程上,对合肥市董铺岛进行了为期1周的大气CH4浓度测量.测量结果表明董铺岛CH4浓度有明显的H变化趋势,白天浓度低,夜间浓度高,日平均浓度(1.8～3.4)×10-6,H最小值(1.8～2.2)× 10-6 ,日最大值(3.0～3.4)×10-6.通过分析,可实现1～2 km范围的空气中CH4浓度的实时在线监测,为生态系统的区域排放通量监测提供了有效的方法,也为卫星遥感提供了可行的地面校准方法.     

Free-energy analysis of solubilization in micelle

A statistical-mechanical treatment of the solubilization in micelle is presented in combination with molecular simulation. The micellar solution is viewed as an inhomogeneous and partially finite, mixed solvent system, and the method of energy representation is employed to evaluate the free-energy change for insertion of a solute into the micelle inside with a realistic set of potential functions. Methane, benzene, and ethylbenzene are adopted as model hydrophobic solutes to analyze the solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle. It is shown that these solutes are more favorably located within the micelle than in bulk water and that the affinity to the micelle inside is stronger for benzene and ethylbenzene than for methane. The micellar system is then divided into the hydrophobic core, the head-group region in contact with water, and the aqueous region outside the micelle to assess the relative importance of each region in the solubilization. In support of the pseudophase model, the aqueous region is found to be unimportant to determine the extent of solubilization. The contribution from the hydrophobic-core region is shown to be dominant for benzene and ethylbenzene, while an appreciable contribution from the head-group region is observed for methane. The methodology presented is not restricted to the binding of a molecule to micelle, and will be useful in treating the binding to such nanoscale structures as protein and membrane.     

C80H80几何结构和电子性质的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论方法中的广义梯度近似,对C₈₀H₈₀几何结构和电子性质进行了研究. 几何结构研究表明:在C₈₀H₈₀可能稳定存在的两种同分异构体中, 连接12个五边形的20个C原子内部氢化,其余60个C原子外部氢化所形成的结构即 H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀最稳定,其仍然保持I_h对称性. 通过对H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀的能级、前线轨道和态密度分析可知: 在H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀中, H原子的原子轨道与C原子的原子轨道之间在占据态轨道上有较强的杂化, H原子对H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀的占据态轨道的贡献比较大. 其最高占据轨道主要由外部H原子和碳笼来贡献,而最低未占据轨道主要由内部H原子贡献, 表明内外H原子在H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀的化学反应中承担不同的角色. H₂₀@C₈₀H₆₀为闭壳层结构,所有电子都是配对的,表现为非磁性.     

Scintillation kinetics and thermoluminescence of SrI2:Eu2+ single crystals

Single crystal of strontium iodide doped with 1% europium (SrI₂:1% Eu²⁺) was grown by Vertical Gradient Freeze technique. UV excited emission spectra were studied as a function of temperature. Results indicate the thermal quenching of Eu²⁺ emission starts from ～400 K with a thermal activation energy of 0.39 eV. Gamma and UV excited decay measurements indicate that the scintillation decay time of SrI₂:Eu²⁺ is longer than the lifetime of Eu²⁺ luminescence center in the SrI₂ host. The thermoluminescence glow curve revealed a highly concentrated charge carrier trap at 50 K. Elimination of this trap is expected to enhance the energy migration of charge carriers and result in faster scintillation decay.     

Poly(ε-caprolactone)-banded spherulites and interaction with MC3T3-E1 cells

We report that protein adsorption, cell attachment, and cell proliferation were enhanced on spherulites-roughened polymer surfaces. Banded spherulites with concentric alternating succession of ridges and valleys were observed on spin-coated thin films of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and two series of PCL binary homoblends composed of high- and low-molecular-weight components when they were isothermally crystallized at 25-52 °C. Their thermal properties, crystallization kinetics, and surface morphology were examined. The melting temperature (T(m)), crystallinity (χ(c)), crystallization rate, and spherulitic patterns showed strong dependence on the crystallization temperature (T(c)) and the blend composition. The surface roughness of the spherulites was higher when T(c) was higher; thus, the larger surface area formed in banded spherulites could adsorb more serum proteins from cell culture media. In vitro mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell attachment, proliferation, and nuclear localization were assessed on the hot-compressed flat disks and spherulites-roughened films of the high-molecular-weight PCL and one of its homoblends. The number of attached MC3T3-E1 cells and the proliferation rate were greater on the rougher surfaces than those on the flat ones. It is interesting to note that cell nuclei were preferentially, though not absolutely, located in or close to the valleys of the banded spherulites. The percentage of cell nuclei in the valleys was higher than 78% when the ridge height and adjacent ridge distance were ~350 and ~35 nm, respectively. This preference was weaker when the ridge height was lower or at a higher cell density. These results suggest that isothermal crystallization of semicrystalline polymers can be an effective thermal treatment method to achieve controllable surface roughness and pattern for regulating cell behaviors in tissue-engineering applications.     

Preparation of Covalently‐colored Polymer Latex via Batch Emulsion Polymerization

Covalently‐colored polymer latex was synthesized via batch emulsion copolymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid in the presence of red polymerizable dye monomer consisting of anthraquinone chromophore, alkyl spacer and acryloyl group, and the influences of the initiator, surfactant and polymerizable dye on the polymerization and the latex properties were investigated. Results showed that the initiator amount was a determinative factor for the monomer conversion, and a high conversion of the polymerizable dye could be achieved when the ammonium persulfate amount was equal to or more than 1 wt% to the total monomers. Most of the chromophores were covalently bonded to the polymer chains if the polymerizable dye was used in the range of 0–1.5 wt%. The light fastness of the resulting latex film was much better than that of the noncovalently‐colored polymer film.     

Experiment research on ellipsoidal structure methane using the absorption characteristics of 3.31 μm mid-infrared spectroscopy

The intensity distribution of absorption spectroscopy of methane mid-infrared fundamental absorption bands, near-infrared combination band of v₂ + 2v₃ and overtone band of 2v₃ were discussed in details in this paper. Quantitative data showed that the absorption intensities of fundamental bands are twice larger than overtone bands, and three times larger than combination bands. Based on the methane 3.31 μm (v₃) fundamental absorption bands and differential signal disposal method, a rotational ellipsoidal light structure was designed using ordinary light source and detector to improve gas detection sensitivity. The experimental results of concentration detection showed that the precision of concentration measurement can reach 3% and detection sensitivity is 50 ppm. Meanwhile, experiment was performed to investigate the influence of temperature on mid-infrared absorption performance of methane and the experience curve of 3.31 μm (v₃) fundamental absorption signal depending on temperature and its rate of change was drawn.     

Boundaries between square-shaped,nitrogen-adsorbed islands on Cu(001): Two relief mechanisms of the stress induced by atomic adsorbates

We have performed a scanning tunneling microscopy study on a grid-like mesoscopic pattern formed by nitrogen adsorption on a Cu(001) surface. Two types of boundaries are present between square-shaped N-adsorbed islands: a fine straight line of monoatomic width (“monoatomic line”) and a bare Cu(001) belt of several atoms wide (“multiatomic belt”). The boundary type depends on whether c(2 × 2) protrusions in neighboring islands are aligned in-phase or out-of-phase across the boundary. Considering that an adsorbed N atom prefers to be coordinated by four Cu atoms on a plane and that the topmost Cu layer is expanded by 2–3% by N adsorption, we propose the missing-Cu-atom model for a monoatomic line where a single Cu row is ejected by a compressive stress exerted from neighboring N-islands. The reconstruction maintains the planar 4-fold coordination of Cu atoms to an N atom in the case of in-phase alignment, and relieves the N-induced compressive stress very efficiently. Whereas, the Cu row ejection would destroy the stable local structure in the out-of-phase case. The N-induced compressive stress is relieved in the other mechanism where it is compensated with a tensile stress in a bare Cu(001) region. The region is imaged as a multiatomic belt. The above models for a monoatomic line and a multiatomic belt explain well various features observed in the grid pattern. Moreover, the missing-Cu-atom model rationalizes the attractive interaction between N-islands which was difficult to understand in a traditional, elasticity-based view on the self-organization.