Influence of surface tension on damping of the oscillations of a viscous incompressible fluid in a cylindrical channel

A numerical calculation is made of small oscillations of a viscous incompressible fluid that fills half of a horizontal cylindrical channel. The calculation is made with and without allowance for surface tension. The results of the calculation show that allowance for surface tension increases the damping of the oscillations. The general properties of problems of the normal oscillations of a heavy and capillary viscous incompressible fluid were studied in [1–3], in which the possibility of applying the Bubnov-Galerkin method to these problems was pointed out. A method for calculating the oscillations of a viscous incompressible fluid that partly fills an arbitrary vessel at large Reynolds numbers was developed in [3–5].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 128–132, May–June, 1980.     

关于刚体角速度定义的一个注解

给出了一种角速度定义方法. 这种方法基于固连坐标系基矢量和单位矢量的导数给出,但避免使用角速度矩阵概念. 另外从刚体上速度分布的角度,用速度场旋度的方法解释角速度. 可以帮助学生从另外一个角度来理解角速度概念.     

通气法控制超空泡流动的实验研究

在高速水洞中运用人工通气方法进行了航行体模型超空泡形态特性的系列实验研究.获得了不同通气流量、不同空化数和不同弗鲁德数下的空泡形态,建立了以弗鲁德数为参数的空泡几何特征参数与空化数的对应关系、空化数与通气流量系数之间的对应关系.验证了空化数是决定空泡尺度的主要无因次参数,通过改变通气流量可以有效地调控空化数,进而达到控制空泡形态的目的.文中同时给出了通气流量系数的实验曲线拟合公式,并与国外的相关实验和公式进行了比较,两者基本一致.所得结论对进一步的水下超高速航行体空泡形态控制技术研究具有参考价值.     

超空泡航行体前部线形对空泡生成临界通气量影响的实验研究

基于航行体超空泡理论和格兰威尔线形设计方法,设计了三种具有不同前部线形的航行体模型.并针对所设计的三种模型和具有锥形前部外型的航行体模型在水洞中进行了生成超空泡临界通气量的实验研究.结果表明:航行体前部线型对超空泡临界通气量的影响程度与航行体的轴向斜率分布有关,模型表面斜率轴向分布曲线越平坦或变化率越小,越有利于减少超空泡生成所需的临界通气量.实验数据显示设计的三种格兰威尔前部线型航行体与锥形前部外型航行体相比,生成超空泡临界通气量都有明显减小,最大减小量达24%,为降低超高速航行体超空泡生成所需的临界通气量提供了一条技术途径和研究方法.     

基于细观混凝土模型的时间逆转损伤成像方法

提出了一种针对混凝土结构损伤检测的时间逆转损伤成像方法.以检测混凝土结构中与骨料尺寸相近的微小损伤为目的,引入细观混凝土随机骨料模型,该模型将混凝土结构视为由水泥浆基底、骨料及粘接层组成的三相复合材料,基于Monte Carlo随机样本原理并结合真实试件的骨料级配曲线建立.在数值模拟分析中,将生成含损伤的细观模型导入有限元分析软件进行超声波场模拟,同时采用自适应性强的时间逆转模型(time reversed model,TRM)进行损伤定位.TRM分为正向检测和逆时成像两个部分:正向检测过程得到包含损伤的一系列散射回波信号,从数值角度进行时间反演并作为逆时过程的输入信号;逆时成像过程选用等效弹性参数模型,几何尺寸与随机骨料模型相同,时反信号在相应几何位置同时加载形成时反波场,时反波场在损伤位置会发生干涉叠加从而导致能量峰值的出现,通过确定干涉峰值时刻,并获取该时刻对应原始波场以及小波变换能量场完成成像.与原始数据波场图相比,小波变换处理成像结果消除了杂波干扰,成像结果更加清晰.进一步对等效弹性参数的取值进行讨论,并且在骨料尺寸范围内调整损伤大小,结果显示成像结果匹配度高,对于非均质混凝土结构的损伤检测能很好满足损伤定位需求.由此证明,时间逆转成像方法对于具有复杂结构的混凝土材料的损伤检测具有较好的适用性.     

Experimental study and electromechanical model analysis of the nonlinear deformation behavior of IPMC actuators

This paper develops analytical electromechanical formulas to predict the mechanical deformation of ionic polymer–metal composite(IPMC) cantilever actuators under DC excitation voltages. In this research, IPMC samples with Pt and Ag electrodes were manufactured, and the large nonlinear deformation and the effect of curvature on surface electrode resistance of the IPMC samples were investigated experimentally and theoretically. A distributed electrical model was modified for calculating the distribution of voltage along the bending actuator. Then an irreversible thermodynamic model that could predict the curvature of a unit part of an IPMC actuator is combined with the electrical model so that an analytical electromechanical model is developed. The electromechanical model is then validated against the experimental results obtained from Pt-and Ag-IPMC actuators under various excitation voltages. The good agreement between the electromechanical model and the actuators shows that the analytical electromechanical model can accurately describe the large nonlinear quasi-static deflection behavior of IPMC actuators.     

二级加载下疲劳可靠性分析

基于二维概率Miner准则,建立了在二级变幅加载下进行疲劳可靠性分析的系统方法并采用八组较大子样的二级低高和高低加载下的试验数据进行了验证、结果表明;本文方法初步实现了对第一级加载后的剩余疲劳寿命和二级加载下的疲劳总寿命进行较为准确的可靠性预测,预测值与试验值吻合良好     

疲劳可靠性二维概率MINER准则

给出在裂纹起始阶段疲劳损伤演化规律的四个基本假设，即单调增、无耦合、可分高、不相交，由损伤力学原理得到等幅加载下个体Ｄ－Ｓ＿ａ－Ｓ＿ｍ－Ｎ等损伤曲面，推导出二维个体Ｍｉｎｅｒ准则，进而建立了母体在变幅以及随机时间历程加载下的二维概率Ｍｉｎｅｒ准则（Ｔｗｏ－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＰｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｓｔｉｃＭｉｎｅｒ’ｓＲｕｌｅ，即ＴＰＭＩＮＥＲ），并用测度论给予了证明．试验数据验证结果显示ＴＰＭＩＮＥＲ的预测值与试验值吻合良好，对工程结构疲劳可靠性分析有较好的应用价值．     

Experimental investigation and modeling of the tension behavior of polycarbonate with temperature effects from low to high strain rates

The effects of strain rate and temperature on the tension stress–strain responses of polycarbonate are experimentally investigated over a wide range of strain rates (0.001–1700 s⁻¹) and temperatures (0–120 °C). A modified split Hopkinson tension bar is used for high-rate uniaxial tension tests. Experimental results indicate that the stress–strain responses of polycarbonate at high strain rates exhibit the nonlinear characteristics including the obvious yielding and strain softening. The tension behavior is strongly dependent on the strain rate and temperature. The values of yield stress and strain at yield present a dramatic increase at higher strain rates and decrease with the increase in temperature. Moreover, there exists a significant rate-sensitivity transition in the polycarbonate tension yield behavior. Based on the experimental investigation, a physically based three-dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model for the finite deformation of glassy polymers is used to characterize the rate-temperature dependent yield and post-yield behavior of polycarbonate when subjected to tension loading. The model results are shown close to the experimental data within the investigated strain-rate and temperature ranges.     

Initial step of anthracene‐sensitized photoacid generation from diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate in an epoxy matrix studied by steady‐state and laser‐flash photolyses

The anthracene‐sensitized photodecomposition of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate was studied in an epoxy matrix. From steady‐state photolysis, the generation of protons, which are considered to be the actual initiators of the polymerization of epoxides, was confirmed. In addition, 9‐phenylanthracene was detected as a main product from anthracene. From time‐resolved laser‐flash photolysis, a broad absorption band with a peak at about 500 nm was observed that was thought to be due to the precursor of 9‐phenylanthracene. On the basis of these results, we propose electron transfer from anthracene in the excited singlet state to the diphenyliodonium cation as the initial step of photoacid generation. This process is followed by fast chemical reactions, which generate 9‐phenylanthracene and protons, and back electron transfer from the diphenyliodine radical to the anthracene cation radical. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2937–2946, 2001