Broadband waveguide intersections with low cross talk in photonic crystal circuits

We propose a new mechanism for constructing waveguide intersections with broad bandwidth and low cross talk in photonic crystal (PC) circuits. The intersections are created by combination of coupled-cavity wave-guides (CCWs) with conventional line-defect waveguides. This mechanism utilizes the strong dependence of the defect coupling on the field pattern in the defects and the alignment of the defects (i.e., the coupling angle) in CCWs. By properly designing the defect mode, we demonstrate through numerical simulation the establishment of such a waveguide intersection in one of the most useful PCs, which is based on a two-dimensional triangular lattice of air holes made in a dielectric material. The transmission of a 500-fs pulse at ~1.3 microm is simulated by use of the finite-difference time-domain method, showing negligible distortion and low cross talk.     

Influence of vapor transport equilibration on Raman spectra of Er:LiNbO3 crystals

Raman spectra of as-grown and vapor transport equilibration (VTE) treated Er:LiNbO₃ crystals, which have different cut orientations (X-cut and Z-cut), different Er-doping levels (Er:(0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 mol%)LiNbO₃) and different VTE durations (80, 120, 150 and 180 h), were recorded at room temperature in the wavenumber range 50-1000 cm⁻¹ by using backward scattering geometry. The spectra were attributed on the basis of their spectral features and the previous experimental work and the most recent theoretical progress in lattice dynamics on pure LiNbO₃. In comparison with the pure crystal the most remarkable effect of Er-doping on the Raman spectrum is observed for the E(TO₉) mode. It does not appear at 610 cm⁻¹ as the pure crystal, but locates at 633 cm⁻¹. In addition, the doping also results in the lowering of the Raman phonon frequency, the broadening of the Raman linewidth and the changes of the relative Raman intensity of some peaks. The VTE treatment results in the narrowing of the linewidth, the recovery of the lowered phonon frequency and the further changes of relative Raman intensity. The narrowing of Raman linewidth indicates that the VTE processing has brought these crystals closer to stoichiometric composition. The VTE treatment has induced the formation of a precipitate ErNbO₄ in the high-doped Er(2.0%):LiNbO₃ crystals whether X- or Z-cut. For these precipitated crystals, besides above linewidth and phonon frequency features, they also display more significant Raman intensity changes compared with those not precipitated crystals. In addition, a slight mixing between A₁(TO) and E(TO) spectra is also observed for these precipitated crystals. Above doping and VTE effects on Raman spectra were quantitatively or qualitatively correlated with the characteristics of the crystal structure and phonon vibrational system.     

Spectral line competition in a coaxial electron-beam-pumped high pressure Ar/Xe laser

In order to study the kinetic mechanism of the e-beam pumped Ar/Xe laser, the temporal profiles of individual laser lines during multiline oscillation have been measured as a function of power deposition (1–12MW/cm³) and gas laser pressure (2–14 bar) using a short pulse (30 ns) coaxial electron beam as excitation source. It was found that the optimum output energy at each pressure was obtained at the same specific power deposition.Strong line competition has been observed between the 2.65 and 1.73 m transitions. In order to explain our results we suggest that besides electron collision mixing (ECM) between the 5d and 6p levels of Xe, there is also a redistribution between all 6p levels which strongly favours the lower levels at higher pumping densities.     

1.5MeV LIA脉冲功率系统

本文简要介绍了1.5MeV LIA脉冲功率系统的结构、组成和设计思想;给出了开关运行参数和确定开关时间抖动指标的方法、闭环系统的总抖动对加速电压相对变化的影响、脉冲功率系统各段输出波形和电压幅度的调制关系;测量结果表明,1.5MeV LIA的运行功率和时间同步满足总体设计要求。     

Few-photon routing via chiral light-matter couplings

A quantum router is one of the essential elements in the quantum network. Conventional routers only direct a single photon from one quantum channel into another. Here, we propose a few-photon router. The active element of the router is a single qubit chirally coupled to two independent waveguides simultaneously, where each waveguide mode provides a quantum channel. By introducing the operators of the scatter-free space and the controllable space, the output state of the one-photon and two-photon scattering are derived analytically. It is found that the qubit can direct one and two photons from one port of the incident waveguide to an arbitrarily selected port of the other waveguide with unity, respectively. However, two photons cannot be simultaneously routed to the same port due to the anti-bunch effect.     

Koopman analysis of nonlinear systems with a neural network representation

The observation and study of nonlinear dynamical systems has been gaining popularity over years in different fields. The intrinsic complexity of their dynamics defies many existing tools based on individual orbits, while the Koopman operator governs evolution of functions defined in phase space and is thus focused on ensembles of orbits, which provides an alternative approach to investigate global features of system dynamics prescribed by spectral properties of the operator. However, it is difficult to identify and represent the most relevant eigenfunctions in practice. Here, combined with the Koopman analysis, a neural network is designed to achieve the reconstruction and evolution of complex dynamical systems. By invoking the error minimization, a fundamental set of Koopman eigenfunctions are derived, which may reproduce the input dynamics through a nonlinear transformation provided by the neural network. The corresponding eigenvalues are also directly extracted by the specific evolutionary structure built in.     

Insight into the chemomechanical coupling mechanism of kinesin molecular motors

Kinesin is a two-headed biological molecular motor that can walk processively on microtubule via consumption of ATP molecules. The central issue for the molecular motor is how the chemical energy released from ATP hydrolysis is converted to the kinetic energy of the mechanical motion, namely the mechanism of chemomechanical coupling. To address the issue, diverse experimental methods have been employed and a lot of models have been proposed. This review focuses on the proposed models as well as the qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the results derived from the models and those from the structural, biochemical and single-molecule experimental studies.     

变形镜部分驱动器断电失效对校正性能的影响

变形镜在长期工作的过程中,压电陶瓷驱动器因累积疲劳效应会导致其失效,从而导致校正性能的降低.从变形镜的影响函数出发,将失效驱动器的电压置零,采用有限元方法建立变形镜疲劳失效模型,重点分析畸变波前的形态分布、入射光束的类型和驱动器的排布方式等对校正能力的影响.实验结果表明,在部分驱动器失效的情况下,变形镜应当根据高斯型随...     

Epidemic centrality — is there an underestimated epidemic impact of network peripheral nodes?

In the study of disease spreading on empirical complex networks in SIR model, initially infected nodes can be ranked according to some measure of their epidemic impact. The highest ranked nodes, also referred to as “superspreaders”, are associated to dominant epidemic risks and therefore deserve special attention. In simulations on studied empirical complex networks, it is shown that the ranking depends on the dynamical regime of the disease spreading. A possible mechanism leading to this dependence is illustrated in an analytically tractable example. In systems where the allocation of resources to counter disease spreading to individual nodes is based on their ranking, the dynamical regime of disease spreading is frequently not known before the outbreak of the disease. Therefore, we introduce a quantity called epidemic centrality as an average over all relevant regimes of disease spreading as a basis of the ranking. A recently introduced concept of phase diagram of epidemic spreading is used as a framework in which several types of averaging are studied. The epidemic centrality is compared to structural properties of nodes such as node degree, k-cores and betweenness. There is a growing trend of epidemic centrality with degree and k-cores values, but the variation of epidemic centrality is much smaller than the variation of degree or k-cores value. It is found that the epidemic centrality of the structurally peripheral nodes is of the same order of magnitude as the epidemic centrality of the structurally central nodes. The implications of these findings for the distributions of resources to counter disease spreading are discussed.     

随机双指数记忆耗散系统的非马尔可夫扩散

针对具有双指数耗散记忆核函数的两自由度耦合系统, 本文利用Laplace变换导出了热宽带噪声激励下该系统响应二阶矩的解析表达式. 并观察到位移二阶矩不同于单自由度情形下的反常扩散:<x²(t)> ∝ t^α (0<α<2, α≠1), 而是随时间及噪声等参数变化呈现普遍的振荡扩散现象.分析可得, 阻尼耦合因子B使粒子远离简谐势场的束缚, <x²(t)>随B的增大扩散加剧而摩擦系数增大却使其趋于平稳状态.进一步, 若两热噪声互关联时, 较小的互关联时间对二阶矩的影响较大, 反之作用较小. 伴随互关联强度递增, 位移二阶矩的扩散加剧, 位移间的相关性加强, 与物理直观相符. 关键词： 热噪声 非马尔可夫扩散 广义朗之万方程 关联性