A scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscope for room temperature samples

We have constructed a scanning low-T_c superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope, in which the SQUID is mounted on the lower end of a copper rod and cooled to liquid helium temperature. There is a 65μm thick sapphire window under the SQUID. The sample at room temperature underneath the window can be scanned to produce magnetic images. The microscope has a spatial resolution of 100－150μm and a magnetic field sensitivity of 3－60pT/$\sqrt{Hz}$ in a magnetically unshielded environment. We have used this scanning SQUID microscope to measure various room temperature samples.     

On creation of Hopf bifurcations in discrete-time nonlinear systems

Bifurcation characteristics of a nonlinear system can be manipulated by small controls. In this paper, we present a control method to create Hopf bifurcations in discrete-time nonlinear systems. The critical conditions for the Hopf bifurcations are discussed. The center manifold method, normal form technique and the Iooss's Hopf bifurcation theory are employed in the derivation of the control gain. Numerical demonstration is provided. (c) 2002 American Institute of Physics.     

介质不均匀性对激光模式相位与光强分布的影响

将不均匀介质势函数进行泰勒展开,取其前3项近似,与描述光腔模式的亥姆霍兹方程中的特殊函数结合,根据光腔边界条件推导出光腔模式的本征解、激光输出功率以及不均匀介质与激光模式的相位与强度分布关系表达式。将表达式应用于氧碘化学激光器的功率与输出耦合率的非线性拟合以及近场光强分布的分析,预测趋势与文献结果相符。     

Size controlled synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals in a continuous-flow mode microcapillary reactor

A microcapillary reactor with 320 μm inner diameter was utilized for CdSe nanoparticle synthesis. The influence of the reaction temperature and flow rate of precursors on the size and size distribution of prepared CdSe nanoparticles was systematically studied. The as-prepared nanoparticles exhibit sharp excitonic absorption and photoluminescence peak (FWHM 30 nm) with a quantum-yield around 10–40%. The microcapillary reactor was also used for CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanoparticle synthesis in continuous-flow mode. The quantum yield of the core-shell nanoparticles was found to be considerably influenced by the reactor temperature and have a close correlation with the thickness of ZnS shell under growth. An optimized quantum yield up to 70% was obtained for the CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanoparticles.     

基于跳距修正L-M优化的WSN定位算法

针对DV-Hop定位算法在节点随机分布的网络拓扑环境下存在误差较大的问题,文中通过分析平均跳距估计、未知节点坐标估计区域求解对定位精度的影响,提出了一种基于跳距修正L-M优化的WSN定位算法CLDV-Hop(Correct L-M DV-Hop)。仿真结果表明,在不增加额外开销且仿真环境相同的条件下,CLDV-Hop算法比现有改进的算法具有更高的定位精度,与DV-Hop算法相比精度提高了约33%——41%。     

Discrimination of strain and temperature based on a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber incorporating an erbium-doped fiber

A simple sensing method for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain is investigated by using a Sagnac fiber loop mirror composed of a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) incorporating an erbium-doped fiber (EDF). Amplified spontaneous emission created by a pumped EDF is transmitted to a Sagnac fiber loop mirror. The interference between two counter-propagating signals in a Sagnac fiber loop mirror generates a periodic transmission spectrum with respect to wavelength. When external temperature is increased, the transmission peak power reduces because the amplified spontaneous emission of the EDF is decreased by the applied temperature change (0.04 dB/°C). The peak wavelength is shifted into the shorter wavelength because of the negative temperature dependence of the birefringence of the PM-PCF (0.3 pm/°C). As the applied strain increases, the peak wavelength of the transmission spectrum of the Sagnac loop mirror incorporating the EDF shifts into a longer wavelength (1.3 pm/με) because the phase change of the proposed sensing probe is directly proportional to the applied strain. The transmission peak power, however, is not changed by the applied strain. Since the source and the sensing probe are integrated, the overall system configuration is significantly simplified without requiring any additional broadband light source. Therefore, it is possible to simultaneously measure temperature and strain by monitoring the variation of transmission peak power and peak wavelength, respectively.     

Effect of secondary phases evolution in the first sintering process on the critical current density of Bi-2223/Ag tapes

Effect of the evolution of the secondary phases in the first sintering process on the microstructure and critical current density of Bi-2223/Ag tapes has been studied. The amount and grain size of secondary phases were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS. It has been found that both the microstructure and critical current of the fully reacted tapes depended strongly on the secondary phases formed in the first sintering process. The (Ca,Sr)₂CuO₃ and (Ca,Sr)₁₄Cu₂₄O₄₁ phases were easily formed and to be stable at higher temperature, however, at lower temperature, the CuO particles appeared easily and keeping stable with dwelling time. The best conversion to Bi-2223, together with the lowest amount of the total secondary phases was achieved when samples treated at 830 °C in 8.5% O₂. Samples with the lowest amount and minimum size of secondary phase produced in the first sintering process will obtain the best performance of the fully reacted tapes. The optimum sintering parameters are obtained by controlling the evolution of the secondary phases during the first sintering process.     

Comparative atomistic and coarse-grained study of water: What do we lose by coarse-graining?

We employ the inverse Boltzmann method to coarse-grain three commonly used three-site water models (TIP3P, SPC and SPC/E) where one molecule is replaced with one coarse-grained particle with isotropic two-body interactions only. The shape of the coarse-grained potentials is dominated by the ratio of two lengths, which can be rationalized by the geometric constraints of the water clusters. It is shown that for simple two-body potentials either the radial distribution function or the geometrical packing can be optimized. In a similar way, as needed for multiscale methods, either the pressure or the compressibility can be fitted to the all atom liquid. In total, a speed-up by a factor of about 50 in computational time can be reached by this coarse-graining procedure.     

A fiber micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser

A new micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser is put forward. The Mach-Zehnder interferometric （MZI） detection technique is presented for interrogating laser frequency shift due to the measurand （piezoelectric transducer （PZT） is used to simulate the micro-vibration） induced laser cavity strain from both single- and multi-mode lasers. In the experiment, compared with multi-mode laser sensors, the single-mode laser sensor is proved to be a sensor with high resolution. When the PZT is driven by the analog signal （0.03 rad near 2 kHz）, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of output signal from the single-mode laser sensor is close to 55 dB and the sensitivity of the sensor is about 5 ×10^-5 rad/Hz1/2.     

New type of Y-branch power splitter and beam expander based on eliminating anomalous reflection effect

We propose a new type of Y-branch power splitter and beam expander with scales of microns in two- dimensional （2D） photonic crystals （PCs） by drilling air holes in a silicon slice. Its functionality and performance are numerically investigated and simulated by finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. Simulation results show that the splitter can split a TE polarized light beam into two parallel sub-beams and the distance between them is tunable by changing the parameters of the splitter, while the expander can expand a narrow beam into a wider one, which is realized in an integrated optical circuit. The proposed device is based on the avoiding of anomalous reflection effect and the coupling transmission of defect modes of the interfaces.