首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   17864篇
  免费   3189篇
  国内免费   2468篇
化学   12961篇
晶体学   206篇
力学   1273篇
综合类   169篇
数学   1912篇
物理学   7000篇
  2024年   31篇
  2023年   368篇
  2022年   473篇
  2021年   580篇
  2020年   758篇
  2019年   669篇
  2018年   576篇
  2017年   510篇
  2016年   837篇
  2015年   814篇
  2014年   1001篇
  2013年   1214篇
  2012年   1626篇
  2011年   1698篇
  2010年   1136篇
  2009年   1045篇
  2008年   1218篇
  2007年   1062篇
  2006年   1092篇
  2005年   893篇
  2004年   700篇
  2003年   580篇
  2002年   573篇
  2001年   478篇
  2000年   401篇
  1999年   464篇
  1998年   327篇
  1997年   300篇
  1996年   343篇
  1995年   289篇
  1994年   272篇
  1993年   201篇
  1992年   192篇
  1991年   159篇
  1990年   138篇
  1989年   112篇
  1988年   109篇
  1987年   66篇
  1986年   62篇
  1985年   43篇
  1984年   32篇
  1983年   28篇
  1982年   15篇
  1981年   19篇
  1980年   7篇
  1979年   2篇
  1966年   1篇
  1957年   5篇
  1936年   2篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
Uncertain multiobjective traveling salesman problem   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Traveling salesman problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization model studied in the operations research community for nearly half a century, yet there is surprisingly little literature that addresses uncertainty and multiple objectives in it. A novel TSP variation, called uncertain multiobjective TSP (UMTSP) with uncertain variables on the arc, is proposed in this paper on the basis of uncertainty theory, and a new solution approach named uncertain approach is applied to obtain Pareto efficient route in UMTSP. Considering the uncertain and combinatorial nature of UMTSP, a new ABC algorithm inserted with reverse operator, crossover operator and mutation operator is designed to this problem, which outperforms other algorithms through the performance comparison on three benchmark TSPs. Finally, a new benchmark UMTSP case study is presented to illustrate the construction and solution of UMTSP, which shows that the optimal route in deterministic TSP can be a poor route in UMTSP.  相似文献   
952.
Phase‐change memory (PCM) is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the next‐generation nonvolatile memory. Its storage medium, phase‐change material, has attracted continuous exploration. Along the traditional GeTe–Sb2Te3 tie line, the binary compound Sb2Te3 is a high‐speed phase‐change material matrix. However, the low crystallization temperature prevents its practical application in PCM. Here, Cr is doped into Sb2Te3, called Cr–Sb2Te3 (CST), to improve the thermal stability. We find that, with increase of the Cr concentration, grains are obviously refined. However, all the CST films exhibit a single hexagonal phase as Sb2Te3 without phase separation. Also, the Cr helps to inhibit oxidation of Sb atoms. For the selected film CST_10.5, the resistance ratio between amorphous and crystalline states is more than two orders of magnitude; the temperature for 10‐year data retention is 120.8 °C, which indicates better thermal stability than GST and pure Sb2Te3. PCM cells based on CST_10.5 present small threshold current/voltage (4 μA/0.67 V). In addition, the cell can be operated by a low SET/RESET voltage pulse (1.1 V/2.4 V) with 50 ns width. Thus, Cr–Sb2Te3 with suitable composition is a promising novel phase‐change material used for PCM with high speed and good thermal stability performances. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   
953.
Surface‐diffusion‐induced spontaneous Ga incorporation process is demonstrated in ZnO nanowires grown on GaN substrate. Crucially, contrasting distributions of Ga atoms in axial and radial directions are experimentally observed. Ga atoms uniformly distribute along the ~10 μm long ZnO nanowire and show a rapidly gradient distribution in the radial direction, which is attributed substantially to the difference between surface and volume diffusion. The understanding on the incorporation process can potentially modulate doping and properties in semiconductor nanomaterials.

  相似文献   

954.
中国科学院近代物理研究所自主研发的ADS注入器Ⅱ第一代高频低电平(LLRF)控制系统,工作频率为162.5 MHz;LLRF系统是由基于I/Q采样的正交解调技术构成的全数字闭环反馈控制系统,其主要功能是实现超导腔腔体电压幅值稳定控制、相位稳定控制与腔体谐振频率控制;LLRF控制系统在液氦温区超导腔上进行了系统稳定度和性能的在线测试,根据实验数据计算得超导腔体电压幅度稳定度为±3.4‰,相位稳定度为±0.3°,腔体表面峰值电场(Epk)能长时间稳定在25.1 MV/m。通过实验测试,检验了LLRF控制系统的性能,并对测试过程中出现的问题进行了分析,为将来超导腔LLRF控制系统运行积累了经验。  相似文献   
955.
A robust and fast line detection method based on Hough transform (HT) is proposed in this paper. Edge pixels are extracted based on the summation and ratio of principal curvatures. Probabilistic sampling on the edge pixels is applied to reduce the count of voting. Then a one-to-one voting strategy is applied by taking advantages of the information of principal direction. The principal direction is also conducive for the successive accurate line segment extraction. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method shows better locating accuracy and computation efficiency compared with several significant variations of HT.  相似文献   
956.
In this paper,we show that circular polarization-keeping reflection can be achieved using reflective metasurfaces.The underlying physical mechanism of the polarization-keeping reflection is analyzed using a reflection matrix.A wideband circular polarization-keeping reflector is demonstrated using N-shaped resonators.Both the simulation and experiment results show that the polarization-keeping reflection can be achieved with a high efficiency larger than 98%over the frequency range from 9.2 GHz to 17.7 GHz for both incident left-and right-handed circularly polarized waves.Under oblique incidence,the bandwidth increases as the incident angle varies from 0°to 80°. Moreover,the co-polarization reflection is independent of the incident azimuth angles.  相似文献   
957.
A specially designed thermo-electrochemical calorimeter was applied to measure the electrochemical Peltier heats (EPH) of Fe(CN) 6 3?/4? system at 295.15 K. The curves of the electrode potential changes and temperature changes against time for Fe(CN) 6 3?/4? couple with five groups of different concentrations were obtained under the condition of various constant-current polarizations. The EPH values for the considered electrode reaction are determined to be ?41.31, ?42.73, ?44.28, ?45.87, and ?46.65 kJ mol?1 at the respective concentrations of 0.125, 0.175, 0.225, 0.275, and 0.300 mol dm?3; and the EPH and the apparent enthalpy change corresponding to the infinite dilution to be ?37.42 and ?84.10 kJ mol?1 at 295.15 K, respectively.  相似文献   
958.
The cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (C16TMAOH) solution was proposed for the preparation of organoclays. Montmorillonite clay was acid activated at different acid/clay (a/c) (in mass) ratios, then treated with alkaline (sodium hydroxide) solution before being reacted with C16TMAOH solution. The acid activation caused a reduction in the number of cation exchange sites, and hence improved the exfoliation of the silicate sheets at higher pH values. The basal spacing increased significantly from 2.20 to 4.01 nm, and depended on the a/c ratios. The acid-activated clays with a/c ratios greater than 0.3 adsorbed significant amounts of C16TMA cations with a basal spacing of 4.01 nm compared with the non-acid-activated montmorillonite (2.51 nm). Meanwhile, the treatment of NaOH solution yielded clays with similar properties to that of the raw used clay. The XRF data, FT-IR, and 29Si MAS-NMR techniques confirmed that the resulting amorphous silica during the acid activation was dissolved, and accompanied by a dramatical reduction in the surface areas. Similar amounts of C16TMA cations were adsorbed, i.e., close to 1 mmol g?1, with a single basal spacing of 2.52 nm, independently of the treated acid-activated clays. The in-situ powder XRD studies revealed that an increase of the basal spacing to 4.20 nm was observed at intermediate temperatures ranging from 50 to 150 °C for organo-acid-activated clays with basal spacing of 4.01 nm, while a continuous decrease of the basal spacing was observed for organoclays with a basal spacing of 2.52 nm. At higher temperatures greater than 250 °C, the decomposition of the surfactant occurs, and the basal spacing decreases to a value of about 1.4 nm.  相似文献   
959.
In this paper, a Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell structure microsphere was synthesized and used to investigate the direct electron transfer of myoglobin (Mb) with a 1-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate based carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode. The mixture of Mb and Fe3O4@SiO2 microsphere could form an organic–inorganic composite, which was immobilized on the surface of CILE with a chitosan (CS) film. Cyclic voltammetric experiments indicated that a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks appeared on CS/Mb-Fe3O4@SiO2/CILE with the formal peak potential (E 0′) located at ?0.31 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode), which was corresponded to the electroactive center of Mb heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couples. Direct electrochemical behaviors of Mb in CS-Fe3O4@SiO2 composite film were carefully investigated with the electrochemical parameters calculated. The CS/Mb-Fe3O4@SiO2/CILE showed good electrocatalytic behaviors to the reduction of trichloroacetic acid in the concentration range from 0.2 to 11.0 mmol L?1 with the detection limit of 0.18 mmol L?1 (3σ). Based on CS/Mb-Fe3O4@SiO2/CILE, a new third-generation reagentless electrochemical biosensor was constructed with higher sensitivity and reproducibility.  相似文献   
960.
Bi‐ and trilayer graphene have attracted intensive interest due to their rich electronic and optical properties, which are dependent on interlayer rotations. However, the synthesis of high‐quality large‐size bi‐ and trilayer graphene single crystals still remains a challenge. Here, the synthesis of 100 μm pyramid‐like hexagonal bi‐ and trilayer graphene single‐crystal domains on Cu foils using chemical vapor deposition is reported. The as‐produced graphene domains show almost exclusively either 0° or 30° interlayer rotations. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that bilayer graphene domains with 0° interlayer stacking angles were Bernal stacked. Based on first‐principle calculations, it is proposed that rotations originate from the graphene nucleation at the Cu step, which explains the origin of the interlayer rotations and agrees well with the experimental observations.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号