气相色谱-质谱法测定酒中23种邻苯二甲酸酯残留量

应用气相色谱-质谱法测定酒中23种邻苯二甲酸酯残留量。样品在沸水浴中加热除去乙醇后用正己烷提取。离心分离后上清液经DB-5MS石英毛细管色谱柱分离,在选择离子检测模式下进行质谱测定。23种邻苯二甲酸酯的质量浓度均在0.1~10mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的测定下限(10S/N)为0.5mg·kg-1(DINP及DIDP)和0.1mg·kg-1(其余21种邻苯二甲酸酯)。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在84.1%~100%之间。     

豆芽中甲硝唑、多菌灵、赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的定量检测

本文建立了快速筛查豆芽中常见添加物甲硝唑、多菌灵、赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸的液相色谱定量方法。回收率为79%～96.6%,定量限在20～200μg/kg。对市场随机抽查64份豆芽样品检测发现,高达32份样品中含有1种以上添加物,主要是多菌灵、6-苄基腺嘌呤和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸。     

碳纤维基能源器件研究和应用进展

半个多世纪以来,碳纤维及碳纤维增强复合材料因其优异的力学性能、比强度、比模量、轻质、导电性以及热/化学稳定性,逐渐成为航空航天、建筑、运输、生物医用、体育用品以及电子电气等诸多应用领域一类非常重要的高性能结构材料。近二十多年来,得益于纳米材料与技术以及高效可再生能源器件的迅速发展,力学性能突出的碳纤维(包括工业化碳纤维、碳纤维织物、碳纳米纤维以及碳纳米管纤维等)凭借高的导电性、电化学特性、多孔以及表面可修饰性等优点,开始作为良好的电极材料应用于多种电化学能源器件与光电转换能源器件中,并得到了广泛的研究。本文首次综述了碳纤维基能源器件的研究进展,从认识碳纤维的发展历史与应用出发,介绍了碳纤维的表面功能化与电极制备的相关基础知识,重点综述了当前国内外碳纤维能源器件的发展概况,详细介绍了碳纤维作为功能电极材料在燃料电池、微生物燃料电池、锂离子电池、电化学电容器以及太阳能电池等领域的研究和发展概况。最后,通过分析当前碳纤维能源器件研究领域的现状,对该领域在材料制备工艺、电极设计、器件性能优化与器件集成技术等方面面临的挑战和未来研究方向进行了预测和探讨。     

Unexpected Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Nanostructured Bi2Te3

There is an urgent need for the development in the field of the magnetism of topological insulators, owing to the necessity for the realization of the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Herein, we discuss experimentally fabricated nanostructured hierarchical architectures of the topological insulator Bi₂Te₃ without the introduction of any exotic magnetic dopants, in which intriguing room‐temperature ferromagnetism was identified. First‐principles calculations demonstrated that the intrinsic point defect with respect to the antisite Te site is responsible for the creation of a magnetic moment. Such a mechanism, which is different from that of a vacancy defect, provides new insights into the origins of magnetism. Our findings may pave the way for developing future Bi₂Te₃‐based dissipationless spintronics and fault‐tolerant quantum computation.     

Structure‐Based Rational Design of Prodrugs To Enable Their Combination with Polymeric Nanoparticle Delivery Platforms for Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy

Drug‐loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are of particular interest for efficient cancer therapy due to their improved drug delivery and therapeutic index in various types of cancer. However, the encapsulation of many chemotherapeutics into delivery NPs is often hampered by their unfavorable physicochemical properties. Here, we employed a drug reform strategy to construct a small library of SN‐38 (7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin)‐derived prodrugs, in which the phenolate group was modified with a variety of hydrophobic moieties. This esterification fine‐tuned the polarity of the SN‐38 molecule and enhanced the lipophilicity of the formed prodrugs, thereby inducing their self‐assembly into biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(d,l ‐lactic acid) (PEG‐PLA) nanoparticulate structures. Our strategy combining the rational engineering of prodrugs with the pre‐eminent features of conventionally used polymeric materials should open new avenues for designing more potent drug delivery systems as a therapeutic modality.     

Hybrid Fibers Made of Molybdenum Disulfide,Reduced Graphene Oxide,and Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Solid‐State,Flexible, Asymmetric Supercapacitors

One of challenges existing in fiber‐based supercapacitors is how to achieve high energy density without compromising their rate stability. Owing to their unique physical, electronic, and electrochemical properties, two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, e.g., molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and graphene, have attracted increasing research interest and been utilized as electrode materials in energy‐related applications. Herein, by incorporating MoS₂ and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets into a well‐aligned multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheet followed by twisting, MoS₂‐rGO/MWCNT and rGO/MWCNT fibers are fabricated, which can be used as the anode and cathode, respectively, for solid‐state, flexible, asymmetric supercapacitors. This fiber‐based asymmetric supercapacitor can operate in a wide potential window of 1.4 V with high Coulombic efficiency, good rate and cycling stability, and improved energy density.     

Precise Macroscopic Supramolecular Assembly by Combining Spontaneous Locomotion Driven by the Marangoni Effect and Molecular Recognition

Macroscopic supramolecular assembly bridges fundamental research on molecular recognition and the potential applications as bulk supramolecular materials. However, challenges remain to realize stable precise assembly, which is significant for further functions. To handle this issue, the Marangoni effect is applied to achieve spontaneous locomotion of macroscopic building blocks to reach interactive distance, thus contributing to formation of ordered structures. By increasing the density of the building blocks, the driving force for assembly transforms from a hydrophobic–hydrophobic interaction to hydrophilic–hydrophilic interaction, which is favorable for introducing hydrophilic coatings with supramolecular interactive groups on matched surfaces, consequently realizing the fabrication of stable precise macroscopic supramolecular assemblies.     

Organic Crystals with Near‐Infrared Amplified Spontaneous Emissions Based on 2′‐Hydroxychalcone Derivatives: Subtle Structure Modification but Great Property Change

A series of highly efficient deep red to near‐infrared (NIR) emissive organic crystals 1 – 3 based on the structurally simple 2′‐hydroxychalcone derivatives were synthesized through a simple one‐step condensation reaction. Crystal 1 displays the highest quantum yield (Φ_f) of 0.32 among the reported organic single crystals with an emission maximum (λ_em) over 710 nm. Comparison between the bright emissive crystals 1 – 3 and the nearly nonluminous compounds 4 – 7 clearly gives evidence that a subtle structure modification can arouse great property changes, which is instructive in designing new high‐efficiency organic luminescent materials. Notably, crystals 1 – 3 exhibit amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) with extremely low thresholds. Thus, organic deep red to NIR emissive crystals with very high Φ_f have been obtained and are found to display the first example of NIR fluorescent crystal ASE.     

质子交换膜燃料电池梯度化膜电极

为实现质子交换膜燃料电池的高性能(高功率密度或大电流密度)、低成本(低铂载量)、长寿命发电,人们尝试在燃料电池的核心部件膜电极结构中引入梯度化设计的概念。梯度化膜电极包括膜电极中各组件的梯度化:气体扩散层的PTFE含量与孔隙率的梯度化,催化层的催化剂与Nafion用量的梯度化以及微孔层的疏水性与孔隙率的梯度化。梯度化膜电极中催化剂分布、孔隙率分布、亲/疏水性分布合理,具有良好的三相反应界面以及质子、电子、反应气体、水等多相物质高效传输通道,从而能满足在低铂载量、低加湿以及高电流密度条件下高性能稳定工作。本文整理了近几年来有关燃料电池梯度化膜电极研究的相关文献,梳理了梯度化膜电极研究发展脉络,归纳总结了各种梯度化膜电极的制备方法、性能以及构效关系,并展望了梯度化膜电极下一步研究方向,对高性能、低成本、长寿命的燃料电池开发具有指导意义。     

手性方酰胺催化巴比妥酸和硝基烯的不对称Michael加成反应

用手性环己二胺衍生的方酰胺催化1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸和硝基烯的不对称Michael加成反应,合成了一系列新型巴比妥衍生物,其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR表征。并考察了底物结构对反应收率和立体选择性的影响。结果表明：该反应可获得较高的收率(80%~100%)和中等至良好的对映选择性(ee 43%~90%)。